Modulation of lethal HPAIV H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4B infection in AIV pre-exposed mallards

Koethe, Susanne; Ulrich, Lisa K.; Ulrich, Reiner; Amler, Susanne; Graaf, Annika; Harder, Timm; Grund, Christian; Mettenleiter, Thomas C.; Conraths, Franz Josef; Beer, Martin; Globig, Anja

doi:10.1080/22221751.2020.1713706

Cited by 31 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Evidence for the presence of HPAI H5-specific antibodies in various species of wild ducks was obtained during surveillance studies in Asia and Europe [ 20–22 ]. Moreover, an experimental infection study with Pekin ducks and mallards showed that ducks surviving infection with a H5N8 group B virus were protected from re-infection with the homologous virus [ 38 ]. The pre-existing immunity in the wild bird population thus may have further hampered the spread of genetically related H5N6 group B virus during the 2017–2018 epidemic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses

Beerens

Germeraad

Venema

et al. 2021

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Strategies to control spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses by wild birds appear limited, hence timely characterization of novel viruses is important to mitigate the risk for the poultry sector and human health. In this study we characterize three recent H5-clade 2.3.4.4 viruses, the H5N8-2014 group A virus and the H5N8-2016 and H5N6-2017 group B viruses. The pathogenicity of the three viruses for chickens, Pekin ducks and Eurasian wigeons was compared. The three viruses were highly pathogenic for chickens, but the two H5N8 viruses caused no to mild clinical symptoms in both duck species. The highest pathogenicity for duck species was observed for the most recent H5N6-2017 virus. For both duck species, virus shedding from the cloaca was higher after infection with group B viruses compared to the H5N8-2014 group A virus. Higher cloacal virus shedding of wild ducks may increase transmission between wild birds and poultry. Environmental transmission of H5N8-2016 virus to chickens was studied, which showed that chickens are efficiently infected by (fecal) contaminated water. These results suggest that pathogenicity of HPAI H5 viruses and virus shedding for ducks is evolving, which may have implications for the risk of introduction of these viruses into the poultry sector.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses

Beerens

Germeraad

Venema

et al. 2021

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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“…The presence of HPAI H5 virus and/or HPAI H5-specific antibodies in live birds suggests that (some individuals of) these bird species can (asymptomatically) carry the virus and act as a vector. Experimental infections in captivity confirmed differences among bird species’ susceptibility to infection and/or disease [ 132 , 133 , 135 , 139 , 140 , 141 , 142 , 143 ]. Given the heterogeneity among individuals in susceptibility to infection and disease, in some cases a single species can act as vector as well as a sentinel [ 132 , 133 , 135 , 139 ].…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms Of Emergence Of Novel Hpai H5 Virusmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Susceptibility to infection and disease has also been shown to differ among HPAI H5 virus lineages. For instance, Pekin ducks showed variable susceptibility to disease; exposure to HPAI clade 2.3.4.4a H5N8 2014 resulted in 60% mortality [ 134 ], while exposure to HPAI clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 2016 or H5N6 2017 resulted in 100% mortality [ 134 , 135 ]. Based on field surveillance data, more wild birds died during the circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 2016 than during the circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b H5N6 2017 [ 134 ].…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms Of Emergence Of Novel Hpai H5 Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior LPAI virus exposure affects the susceptibility to infection and disease of HPAI H5 viruses in wild birds; however, may support HPAI H5 virus spread and maintenance. Mallards pre-exposed to LPAI viruses in a semi-natural setting excreted HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4b virus but survived virus challenge [ 135 ]. Similarly, pre-exposure of mallards to H4N6 and H5N2 LPAI viruses in an experimental setting resulted in varying excretion of HPAI H5N1 clade 1 (A/duck/Vietnam/TG24-01/05), and less than naïve mallards [ 143 ].…”

Section: Underlying Mechanisms Of Emergence Of Novel Hpai H5 Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Verhagen¹,

Fouchier²,

Lewis

2021

Viruses

183

143

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks in wild birds and poultry are no longer a rare phenomenon in Europe. In the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks—in particular those caused by H5 viruses derived from the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 lineage that emerged in southeast Asia in 1996—have been occuring with increasing frequency in Europe. Between 2005 and 2020, at least ten HPAI H5 incursions were identified in Europe resulting in mass mortalities among poultry and wild birds. Until 2009, the HPAI H5 virus outbreaks in Europe were caused by HPAI H5N1 clade 2.2 viruses, while from 2014 onwards HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses dominated outbreaks, with abundant genetic reassortments yielding subtypes H5N1, H5N2, H5N3, H5N4, H5N5, H5N6 and H5N8. The majority of HPAI H5 virus detections in wild and domestic birds within Europe coincide with southwest/westward fall migration and large local waterbird aggregations during wintering. In this review we provide an overview of HPAI H5 virus epidemiology, ecology and evolution at the interface between poultry and wild birds based on 15 years of avian influenza virus surveillance in Europe, and assess future directions for HPAI virus research and surveillance, including the integration of whole genome sequencing, host identification and avian ecology into risk-based surveillance and analyses.

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“…These results are supported by a number of studies from different parts of the world such as in Iran in 2015 [ 33 ] and two zoos in Delhi and Madhya Pradesh in 2016 [ 34 ]. Moreover, some birds which are naturally pre-exposed to LPAIV can play a role as AIV reservoir and play a role in virus transmission to susceptible host species and sometimes have homologous immunity that prevent the transmission [ 35 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Evidence of Avian Influenza in Captive Wild Birds in a Zoo and Two Safari Parks in Bangladesh

Hassan

Zowalaty

Islam

et al. 2020

Veterinary Sciences

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Avian influenza (AI) is endemic and frequently causes seasonal outbreaks in winter in Bangladesh due to high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2. Among avian influenza A viruses (AIV), H5, H7, and H9 subtypes have the most zoonotic potential. Captive birds in zoos and safari parks are used for educational, recreational, breeding, and conservational purposes in Bangladesh. To screen for AIV in captive birds to assess potential public health threats, we conducted a cross-sectional study in two safari parks and one zoo in Bangladesh for four months, from November to December 2013 and from January to February 2014. We collected blood samples, oropharyngeal, and cloacal swabs from 228 birds. We tested serum samples for AIV antibodies using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) and AIV sero-subtype H5, H7, and H9 using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Swab samples were tested for the presence of avian influenza viral RNA using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR). Across all the samples, AIV antibody prevalence was 9.7% (95% CI: 6.1–14.2, n = 228) and AIV HA subtype H5, H7 and H9 sero-prevalence was 0% (95% CI: 0–1.6, n = 228), 0% (95% CI: 0–1.6, n = 228) and 6.6% (95% CI: 3.72–10.6, n = 228), respectively. No AI viral RNA (M-gene) was detected in any swab sample (0%, 95% CI: 0–1.6, n = 228). Birds in the Safari park at Cox’s Bazar had a higher prevalence in both AIV antibody prevalence (13.5%) and AIV H9 sero-prevalence (9.6%) than any of the other sites, although the difference was not statistically significant. Among eight species of birds, Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) had the highest sero-positivity for both AIV antibody prevalence (26.1%) and AIV H9 prevalence (17.4%) followed by Golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) with AIV antibody prevalence of 18.2% and AIV H9 prevalence of 11.4%. Our results highlight the presence of AI antibodies indicating low pathogenic AIV mingling in captive birds in zoos and safari parks in Bangladesh. Continuous programmed surveillance is therefore recommended to help better understand the diversity of AIVs and provide a clear picture of AI in captive wild birds, enabling interventions to reduce the risk of AIV transmission to humans.

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Modulation of lethal HPAIV H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4B infection in AIV pre-exposed mallards

Cited by 31 publications

References 45 publications

Comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses

Comparative pathogenicity and environmental transmission of recent highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses at the Wild–Domestic Bird Interface in Europe: Future Directions for Research and Surveillance

Serological Evidence of Avian Influenza in Captive Wild Birds in a Zoo and Two Safari Parks in Bangladesh

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