Modulation of Neuroprotective Effect of Ischemic Post-Conditioning by Dichlorobenzamil a Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger Inhibitor in Mice

Abstract

The present study has been designed to investigate the modulatory role of dichlorobenzamil a Na

Evidence for the role of histaminergic pathways in neuroprotective mechanism of ischemic postconditioning in mice

“…In addition, alteration in various brain biochemicals such as increased brain AChE activity, increased brain MPO activity, increased TBARS level, and decreased level of reduced GSH was also noticed. Above results are in line with earlier reports and reports from our laboratory . Cerebral I/R injury is well documented to produce oxidative stress by increasing the levels of TBARS and reducing levels of GSH and other antioxidant enzymes like SOD and catalase .…”

“…Therefore, iPoCo in our study consisting of three proceeding episodes of ischemia and reperfusion has produced significant neuroprotective effect manifested in terms of decrease in infract size, NSS, brain AChE, oxidative stress, inflammation, and improvement in memory. The reported neuroprotective effect of iPoCo is consistent with earlier reports from our laboratory and reports from others .…”

“…During surgical procedure, rectal temperature was monitored and maintained at 37 ± 0.5°C. After 12 min of global cerebral ischemia, the incision was sutured back in layers and reperfusion was allowed for 24 h . The sutured area was cleaned with 70% ethanol and sprayed with antibiotic (Neosporin Glaxo Smith Cline, Nelamangala, Bangalore, India.)…”

“…hemorrhagic stroke, 13% of cases) or occlusion (i.e. ischemic stroke, 87% of cases) . It is a prominent and an acute manifestation of cerebral ischemia and other cerebrovascular diseases.…”

Pharmacological Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke

“…Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase Intravascular catabolic enzyme of glutamate [66] Prostaglandin E1 Antiapoptotic properties [67] Lithium Antiapoptotic properties [68] Sigma-1 receptor agonists Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase [69] Fingolimod (FTY720) Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist [70,71] Opioid receptor agonists (Biphalin) Inhibits postsynaptic potentials by lowering presynaptic Ca 2+ [72] Cinnamophillin Thromboxane A 2 receptor antagonist [73] Hawthorn extract Antioxidant properties by incrementing glutathione levels [74,75] Dichlorobenzamil Sodium and/or calcium exchanger inhibitor [76] Cilostazol Inhibitor of type III phosphodiesterase, antiplatelet agent [77] Magnesium sulfate Inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters [78,79] Arundic acid (ONO-2506) Astrocyte-modulating agent, inhibits S-100b protein synthesis [80] Repinotan Serotonin or 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) 1A receptor agonist [81] Pioglitazone Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist [82] NADPH oxidase type 4 (NOX4)…”