Here, we report the synthesis of two-dimensional (2D)
layered metal–organic
framework (MOF) nanoparticle (NP) superstructures via an ice-templating
strategy. MOF NP monolayers and bilayers can be obtained by regulating
the concentration of colloidal MOF NPs without any external fields
during self-assembly. Adjacent polyhedral MOF NPs are packed and aligned
through crystalline facets, resulting in the formation of a quasi-ordered
array superstructure. The morphology of the MOF layers is well preserved
when subjected to pyrolysis, and the obtained carbon NPs have hollow
interiors driven by the outward contraction of MOF precursors during
pyrolysis. With the advantages of large surface areas, hierarchical
porosity, high exposure of active sites, and fast electron transport
of the 2D layered structure, the mono- and bilayered carbon NP superstructures
show better oxygen reduction activity than isolated carbon particles
in alkaline media. Our work demonstrates that ice-templating is a
powerful strategy to fabricate superstructures of various MOFs and
their derivatives.