Modulation of Serum and Breast Ductal Fluid Lipids by a Very-Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet in Premenopausal Women

Bagga, Dilprit; Ashley, Judith; Geffrey, S.; Wang, Hei-Jing; Barnard, James R.; Elashoff, Robert M.; Heber, David

doi:10.1093/jnci/86.18.1419

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Using virtually the same method, 51–67% of premenopausal women were reported to produce NAF in two previous studies (7,34). Other investigators utilizing staff‐assisted nipple aspiration reported successful aspiration of NAF from 50% to 75% of subjects (8,14,25,36,42), while two groups reported even higher yields of NAF, in 88–100% of subjects (5,43). A recent study has reported the use of nasal oxytocin to increase fluid yields, and oxytocin also appeared to increase the number of women who yield NAF as well (44).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Increased blood levels of carotenoids have been shown to be protective of breast cancer risk in two large prospective studies (23,24). Diet has been shown to affect fatty acids in breast tissue and nipple aspirates (25,26). Carotenoids in breast milk are responsive to dietary supplementation (27,28), but carotenoids in NAF have yet to be measured in dietary intervention or supplementation studies.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Influence of Lactation History on Breast Nipple Aspirate Fluid Yields and Fluid Composition

et al. 2005

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Analysis of nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) can be useful for understanding the impact that various lifestyle factors have on the biology of the breast. In this study, breast NAF was obtained at baseline from premenopausal women who volunteered for a dietary intervention trial. The influence of lactation history on both fluid yields and fluid composition was explored. We examined the levels of fat-soluble micronutrients (tocopherols, carotenoids, retinol), one lipid oxidation product (8-isoprostane), cholesterol, and protein in NAF. Roughly half of the women in the trial had never lactated, but this did not affect fluid yields appreciably. Carotenoid and tocopherol levels were significantly higher in NAF from women who lactated 6 months or more versus women who had lactated for shorter periods of time or never, but 8-isoprostane, protein, and cholesterol levels were not affected appreciably by lifetime lactation history. Longer times after weaning were associated with higher cholesterol levels, and there also was a suggestion the fat-soluble micronutrients declined with time after weaning. This is of interest since high cholesterol levels in breast fluid have been associated with an increased breast cancer risk, while carotenoids and tocopherols are thought to be protective. The results of this study provide further evidence of the potential benefits of prolonged lactation via its influence on NAF composition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Lactation History on Breast Nipple Aspirate Fluid Yields and Fluid Composition

et al. 2005

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“…Some of the components of NAF are influenced by diet (3,(24)(25)(26)(27), and this may be one mechanism by which diet can affect breast cancer risk. One dietary change that seems important for breast cancer risk is increased consumption of fruits and vegetables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of High Fruit-Vegetable and/or Low-Fat Intervention on Breast Nipple Aspirate Fluid Micronutrient Levels

Djurić

Chen

Ren

et al. 2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Background: A change in diet is known to affect micronutrient levels in blood but to what extent diet can affect micronutrient levels in the breast is not yet well established. Methods: Healthy, premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer were randomized across four diet arms for 1 year in a 2 Â 2 factorial design study: control, low-fat, high fruit-vegetable, and combination low-fat/high fruit-vegetable diets. Subjects were asked to collect breast nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) at 0, 6, and 12 months, and levels of micronutrients were measured in the fluid. Results: A total of 122 women were enrolled, 97 were retained for 12 months, and sufficient NAF for analysis was available from 59 women at baseline, 49 at 6 months, and 50 at 12 months. Repeated measures mixed-model ANOVA was used to model the data using cholesterol levels and lactation

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“…Types and amounts of fatty acids are biochemically altered in NAF when oils of high polyunsaturated content are fed to normal women; the promptness of appearance of PUFAs in NAF following ingestion and the presence therein of fluorescent pigment indicative of lipid peroxidation have suggested that these substances may be important in the epidemiology of BC through their effects on breast epithelium [49]. Moreover, it was demonstrated that a diet habit with very-low fat consumption and enriched in fibre, significantly modulates the NAF lipid composition [4]; in fact, a progressively greater proportion of NAF yielders was found with increasing consumption of fat, indicating a positive association with dietary energy and the stimulation of prolactin gene expression and secretion [28]. In this respect, it was also reported that leptin (the product of the obesity gene which has been found to stimulate growth of breast cancer cells in vitro) significantly accumulated in NAF and was associated with body mass index in premenopausal but not in postmenopausal women [55].…”

Section: Role Of Nutrients In Nipple Aspirate Fluids: Effects On Breamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrients and nipple aspirate fluid composition: the breast microenvironment regulates protein expression and cancer aetiology

2008

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The aetiology of breast cancer is complex and multifactorial, and may include diet and xenobiotic compounds. A change in diet affects nutrient levels in blood, but to what extent diet can affect micronutrient concentrations in the breast is not yet well established. Breast nipple aspirate fluids (NAF) can be non-invasively obtained from the breast in most women; it represents a biological tool to assess metabolic changes in the breast ductal microenvironment. A wide variation in biomolecular and hormonal composition of NAFs collected from healthy and breast cancer patient may be due to genetic and nutritional factors; however, micro-and macro-nutrients may influence the secretory status of these women, thus NAF composition and risk of breast carcinoma. The aim of this overview is to highlight the detrimental/beneficial role that diet-related compounds in nipple aspirate fluid can have in breast cancer risk.Keywords Nutrigenomics Á Diet Á Benign breast diseases Á Breast cancer Á Nipple aspirate fluids Á Nutrients Gene-diet interactions and breast cancer riskBreast cancer aetiology is complex, and many factors (both environmental and genetic) contribute to it. Of the environmental factors, the link between diet and BC risk has long been recognized [35]. Because benign breast disease (BBD), particularly atypical hyperplasia (AH), is a marker of increased BC risk, studies of diet and BBD have provided evidence about the effect of diet at an early stage in the process of breast carcinogenesis, reporting also some contrasting results [26,52]. It is well known that high consumption of fruit and vegetable has been thought to provide protection against many types of cancer, including BC [15]. Their consumption could decrease BC risk through several mechanisms, mainly linked to the abundance of antioxidants contained therein, which also contain biocompounds such as isoflavones, lignans and indoles [1,2,64]; all of these substances have been convincingly shown to have anticarcinogenic properties and strong effects on estrogen metabolism (as reviewed in [38]), even though to date there are contrasting findings [35].It is becoming clear that relationships between diet and breast cancer aetiology are extremely complex, and that the impact of micro-and macro-nutrients on BC risk are dependent in part on genetic factors [20,21,58]. Being the application of molecular epidemiology to nutrition and breast cancer in its infancy, recent studies have highlighted the importance of investigations of diet, genetic variability and breast cancer risk using a fluid non-invasively collected from breast ducts (nipple aspirate fluid, NAF), a fluid that mirrors the microenvironment of the breast tissue during physio-pathological conditions [29,43,44,56]. Nipple aspirate fluid, a window on the breast tissue microenvironmentThe ductal system of the breasts of non-pregnant women produces proteinaceous secretions-containing chemicals of endogenous and exogenous origin as well as epithelial cells-which can be sampled and utilized for breas...

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Modulation of Serum and Breast Ductal Fluid Lipids by a Very-Low-Fat, High-Fiber Diet in Premenopausal Women

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Influence of Lactation History on Breast Nipple Aspirate Fluid Yields and Fluid Composition

Influence of Lactation History on Breast Nipple Aspirate Fluid Yields and Fluid Composition

Effects of High Fruit-Vegetable and/or Low-Fat Intervention on Breast Nipple Aspirate Fluid Micronutrient Levels

Nutrients and nipple aspirate fluid composition: the breast microenvironment regulates protein expression and cancer aetiology

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