Modulation of Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism as a Biochemical Basis of the Behavioral Effects of Use and Withdrawal of Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids and Other Image- and Performance-Enhancing Agents

Badawy, Abdulla A.-B.

doi:10.1177/1178646917753422

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 158 publications

(217 reference statements)

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“…The proposed mechanism for the effects of AAS on mood is via the modulation of the metabolism of tryptophan and serotonin in the brain, which leads to symptoms of euphoria, arousal, and decreased anxiety at low doses, and leads to symptoms of aggression, anxiety, depression, mania, and psychosis at high doses [ 18 ]. Additionally, chronic cannabis use leads to increased levels of pregnenolone metabolites that are thought to contribute to psychiatric illness and leads to an increased excitatory state in the brain [ 19 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic Steroid-induced Mania

Franey

Espiridion

2018

Cureus

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There are numerous reports of the psychiatric effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use. However, these effects have not been clearly elicited in controlled clinical trials. This discrepancy is largely due to the presence of a variety of synergistic factors seen in the real-life setting of AAS abuse.In this case, we report a patient in acute mania admitted to Frederick Memorial Hospital in Frederick, Maryland. He had no prior history or family history of manic episodes. His symptoms were refractory to initial pharmacologic intervention. The onset of his symptoms was likely related to the initiation of AAS use. However, his symptoms were likely potentiated by heavy daily cannabis use. The patient showed a gradual improvement over the second week of his hospitalization. He was discharged on antipsychotics and scheduled to follow up with a therapist and psychiatrist.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic Steroid-induced Mania

Franey

Espiridion

2018

Cureus

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“…Because excess tryptophan inhibits the 2 enzymes involved in serotonin synthesis, and increased cerebral levels of neuroactive kynurenine, Badawy 85 hypothesizes that moderate use of tryptophan and decreased anxiety associated with exercise could explain behavioral effects of androgenic anabolic steroids associated with tryptophan metabolism. In a related study, Badawy 86 discusses the utilization and function of tryptophan in pregnancy.…”

Section: Possible Roles Of Tryptophan In the Diagnosis And Mitigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis, Nutrition, and Health Benefits of Tryptophan

Friedman

2018

Int J�Tryptophan�Res

203

119

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Tryptophan is an essential plant-derived amino acid that is needed for the in vivo biosynthesis of proteins. After consumption, it is metabolically transformed to bioactive metabolites, including serotonin, melatonin, kynurenine, and the vitamin niacin (nicotinamide). This brief integrated overview surveys and interprets our current knowledge of the reported multiple analytical methods for free and protein-bound tryptophan in pure proteins, protein-containing foods, and in human fluids and tissues, the nutritional significance of l-tryptophan and its isomer d-tryptophan in fortified infant foods and corn tortillas as well the possible function of tryptophan in the diagnosis and mitigation of multiple human diseases. Analytical methods include the use of acid ninhydrin, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy, colorimetry, basic hydrolysis; acid hydrolysis of S-pyridylethylated proteins, and high-performance liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Also covered are the nutritional values of tryptophan-fortified infant formulas and corn-based tortillas, safety of tryptophan for human consumption and the analysis of maize (corn), rice, and soybean plants that have been successfully genetically engineered to produce increasing tryptophan. Dietary tryptophan and its metabolites seem to have the potential to contribute to the therapy of autism, cardiovascular disease, cognitive function, chronic kidney disease, depression, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, sleep, social function, and microbial infections. Tryptophan can also facilitate the diagnosis of certain conditions such as human cataracts, colon neoplasms, renal cell carcinoma, and the prognosis of diabetic nephropathy. The described findings are not only of fundamental scientific interest but also have practical implications for agriculture, food processing, food safety, nutrition, and animal and human health. The collated information and suggested research need will hopefully facilitate and guide further studies needed to optimize the use of free and protein-bound tryptophan and metabolites to help improve animal and human nutrition and health.

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“…Among the enhanced amino‐acids, we noted higher levels of tryptophan and its derivative pathways such as the kynurenine pathway and the serotonin pathway. The release of tryptophan in plasma it is also known to be enhanced by GH administration 61 . Interestingly, among the markers in the lipid profile, several fatty acid esters of hydroxyl fatty acids (FAHFA) exhibited reduced levels in the plasma of the EGH group compared with the EPO group.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying metabolomics to detect growth hormone administration in athletes: Proof of concept

Narduzzi

Marchand

Audran

et al. 2020

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Growth hormone (GH), an endogenous peptide regulating anabolism and lipolysis in humans, is known to be abused by athletes to improve their performance. Despite the development of two distinct screening methods, few positive cases have been reported by the antidoping authorities, probably due to the quick turnover of GH and the masking effects of age, ethnicity, and sex. Apart from growth regulation, GH is known to affect several metabolic pathways in humans including ketosis, amino‐acid uptake, and protein breakdown. It is reasonable to imagine observing its markers of effects through the leading tool on metabolism study, metabolomics. In this proof‐of‐concept study, a cohort of well‐trained volunteers was split in two equal groups and administered with micro‐doses of EPO or EPO + GH every second day for 2 weeks. Urine and plasma samples were collected before, during, and after treatment and analyzed using metabolomics and lipidomics approaches. The results show that, by applying a direct discriminant analysis on the treated groups, it is possible to distinguish the treatments, and to use this difference to classify them correctly. High intragroup variability is observed, due to the subject‐specific effect of the hormones. Through time 0 centering the data, a longitudinally tracking of the group was performed and a higher difference was observed between the groups, including a perfect classification of the samples before and after the treatments.

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Modulation of Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism as a Biochemical Basis of the Behavioral Effects of Use and Withdrawal of Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids and Other Image- and Performance-Enhancing Agents

Cited by 20 publications

References 158 publications

Anabolic Steroid-induced Mania

Anabolic Steroid-induced Mania

Analysis, Nutrition, and Health Benefits of Tryptophan

Applying metabolomics to detect growth hormone administration in athletes: Proof of concept

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