Modulatory effects of hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) tissue extracts on the in vitro growth of its pathogen QPX

Perrigault, Mickael; Buggé, Deenie M.; Hao, Chen Chuan; Allam, Bassem

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2008.10.002

Cited by 14 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…They are likely to be associated with environmental conditions such as temperature (Perrigault et al, 2009;Scheibling and Hennigar, 1997) and salinity , and may also be temporally or spatially transient , modified by short-term weather cycles and longer-term climate trends. In estuaries, variable freshwater input, wind direction and circulation patterns create conditions that favor or prevent parasites from moving into upbay and upriver sites and initiating infections (Wang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic impacts on an oyster metapopulation: Pathogen introduction, climate change and responses to natural selection

Bushek

Ford

2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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Humans rely on marine ecosystems for a variety of services but often impact these ecosystems directly or indirectly limiting their capacity to provide such services. One growing impact is the emergence of marine disease. We present results from a unique case study examining how oysters, a dominant organism in many coastal bays and estuaries that is often harvested for food, have responded to pathogens influenced by human activities, namely the introduction of novel pathogens. Climate change has enabled a northward spread and establishment of Dermo disease in oysters along the eastern seaboard of North America and human activities inadvertently introduced MSX disease along this same coast. Oysters in Delaware Bay have responded differently to each pathogen, and uniquely to MSX disease by developing a highly resistant baywide population not documented in any other bay. Offspring were produced using parents collected from low or high disease (MSX and Dermo) regions of Delaware Bay and exposed in a common garden experiment along with a naïve population from Maine. Results indicated widespread resistance to MSX disease, but not to Dermo disease, across Delaware Bay. One striking result was the demonstration of resilience in the population through its capacity to spread, presumably through larval transport, resistance to MSX disease into portions of the population that have experienced little to no MSX disease pressure themselves. Related studies indicated that larval transport mechanisms allowed widespread dispersal such that the entire metapopulation could acquire a high level of resistance over time if disease resistance is sufficiently heritable. The findings have implications for restoration, management and recovery of diseased populations. Namely, that if left to their own devices, natural selection may find a solution that enables populations to recover from introduced pathogens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic impacts on an oyster metapopulation: Pathogen introduction, climate change and responses to natural selection

Bushek

Ford

2016

Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene

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“…We have been successfully using these aquacultured clam lines for comparative studies because of their confirmed differential susceptibility to QPX infections in laboratory settings [23,26] and in the field [30]. A sub-sample (30 clams/stock) was checked for pre-established QPX infections before the initiation of the experiment using standard histopathology techniques [25] and all tested clams were negative.…”

Section: Mercenaria Mercenariamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plasma from undiluted hemolymph sample was also recovered by centrifugation (700 Â g, 10 min, 4 C). Supernatant was sterilized by filtration (0.22 mm), aliquoted and preserved at À20 C to determine protein concentration in plasma and to measure anti-QPX activity using a previously described in vitro growth inhibition assay [26,34]. Hemocyte pellets were immediately transferred to À80 C until RNA extraction.…”

Section: Hemolymph Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, anti-QPX activity in plasma (at Day 3) and hemocyte resistance to QPX ECP tended to differ whether clams were injected with bacteria or with QPX. These bioassays were specifically developed to investigate the interactions between components of M. mercenaria defense system and QPX [26,27] in opposition to standard defense parameters measured which are more related to the overall immune status of clams and general response to any microbial challenge. Interestingly, anti-QPX activity in plasma as well as hemocyte resistance to QPX ECP in NY clams challenged with V. alginolyticus exhibited a similar profile as controls in opposition to changes in these parameters among NY clams challenged with QPX.…”

Section: Differential Defense and Stress Response Of M Mercenaria Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The biological bases for the resistance process to QPX in Northern hard clams are not known although the outcome has been described as a granulomatous inflammatory response and encapsulation of parasite cells ultimately leading to the healing of infected individuals [18,20,25]. Our previous studies demonstrated the presence of factors inhibiting QPX growth in clam plasma [26]. On the other hand, extracellular products (ECP) secreted by QPX were shown to significantly alter clam hemocytes [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential immune response in the hard clam (mercenaria mercenaria) against bacteria and the protistan pathogen QPX (quahog parasite unknown)

Perrigault

Allam

2012

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Alterations of the immune transcriptome in resistant and susceptible hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) in response to Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX) and temperature

Wang

Espinosa

Tanguy

et al. 2016

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX) is a fatal protistan parasite that causes severe losses in the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) fisheries along the northeastern coast of the US. Field and laboratory studies of QPX disease have demonstrated a major role for water temperature and M. mercenaria genetic origin in disease development. Infections are more likely to occur at cold temperatures, with clam stocks originating from southern states being more susceptible than clams from northern origin where disease is enzootic. Even though the influence of temperature on QPX infection have been examined in susceptible and resistant M. mercenaria at physiological and cellular scales, the underlying molecular mechanisms associated with host-pathogen interactions remain largely unknown. This study was carried out to explore the molecular changes in M. mercenaria in response to temperature and QPX infection on the transcriptomic level, and also to compare molecular responses between susceptible and resistant clam stocks. A M. mercenaria oligoarray (15 K Agilent) platform was produced based on our previously generated transcriptomic data and was used to compare gene expression profiles in naive and QPX-infected susceptible (Florida stock) and resistant (Massachusetts) clams maintained at temperatures favoring disease development (13 °C) or clam healing (21 °C). In addition, transcriptomic changes reflecting focal (the site of infection, mantle) and systemic (circulating hemocytes) responses were also assessed using the oligoarray platform. Results revealed significant regulation of multiple biological pathways by temperature and QPX infection, mainly associated with immune recognition, microbial killing, protein synthesis, oxidative protection and metabolism. Alterations were widely systemic with most changes in gene expression revealed in hemocytes, highlighting the role of circulating hemocytes as the first line of defense against pathogenic stress. A large number of complement-related recognition molecules with fibrinogen or C1q domains were shown to be specially induced following QPX challenge, and the expression of these molecules was significantly higher in resistant clams as compared to susceptible ones. These highly variable immune proteins may be potent candidate molecular markers for future study of M. mercenaria resistance against QPX. Beyond the specific case of clam response to QPX, this study also provides insights into the primitive complement-like system in the hard clam.

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Modulatory effects of hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) tissue extracts on the in vitro growth of its pathogen QPX

Cited by 14 publications

References 27 publications

Anthropogenic impacts on an oyster metapopulation: Pathogen introduction, climate change and responses to natural selection

Anthropogenic impacts on an oyster metapopulation: Pathogen introduction, climate change and responses to natural selection

Differential immune response in the hard clam (mercenaria mercenaria) against bacteria and the protistan pathogen QPX (quahog parasite unknown)

Alterations of the immune transcriptome in resistant and susceptible hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) in response to Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX) and temperature

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