“…When full-scale structural components are subjected to in-service fatigue loadings, stiffness is a very adequate parameter, as it can be measured nondestructively, and the residual stiffness exhibits much less statistical scatter than residual strength (Hashin, 1985;Highsmith & Reifsnider, 1982;Kedward & Beaumont, 1992;Whitworth, 2000;Yang, Jones, Yang, & Meskini, 1990;Yang, Lee, & Sheu 1992).…”