Moebius Syndrome: An Updated Review of Literature

Abstract

Moebius Syndrome, is a rare, non-progressive congenital neuropathological syndrome characterized primarily by the underdevelopment of the facial (CN VII) and abducens nerve (CN VI). Other features of Moebius Syndrome include facial nerve paresis, ophthalmoplegias, orthodontic deficiencies (including crowded dentition, swollen and hyperplastic gingiva, dental calculus, etc.), musculoskeletal abnormalities, and impaired mental function. Due to the rarity of the disorder, very few case studies have been reported in the literature. This article summarizes the significant features of the disease according to commonalities in reported cases, along with several newly recognized features cited in recent literature. We have explored the different diagnostic criteria and the newly recognized imaging modalities that may be used. Understandably, the condition detrimentally affects a patient’s quality of life; thus, treatment measures have also been outlined. This study aims to provide updated literature on Moebius Syndrome MBS and improve understanding of the condition.

Oral findings and comprehensive dental management of Moebius syndrome: a systematic review

“…MS is a rare, congenital, non-progressive, neuropathological condition that affects the development and function of the abducens and facial nerves, involving other cranial nerves such as III, IV, V, IX, X, and XII [ 37 ]. A recent systematic review, which comprises the most extensive series of cases with MS ( n = 449), presented evidence of the existence of two groups of patients: Group 1, with a strong association between micrognathia, limb anomalies, and swallowing difficulties, and Group 2; phenotypically more diverse but associated with radiologically detectable neurological anomalies and developmental delay [ 38 ].…”

Morphological Features of the Development of the Abducens Nerve Nucleus in Human Fetuses of Different Gestational Periods

“…Hypoplasia or atrophy of the cranial nerve nuclei can be seen on neuroimaging, and most cases appear to be associated with intrauterine damage to the blood vessels of the brainstem. Duane's syndrome is a congenital disorder of eyeball movement characterised by limited or absent eyeball abduction [3,4]. In order to detect abnormalities in the development of the nucleus of the abducens nerve, it is necessary to study its normal structure at different periods of prenatal ontogeny.…”

“…йровізуалізації, і більшість випадків, як виявляється, пов'язано з внутрішньоутробним ураженням судин стовбура мозку. Синдром Дуейна -це вроджений розлад рухів очними яблуками, що характеризується обмеженням або відсутністю відведенням очними яблуками [3,4]. Для того щоб виявити відхилення у розвитку ядра відвідного нерва необхідно дослідити його нормальну структуру в різні періоди пренатального онтогенезу.…”