Moist convection and the injection of volcanic ash into the atmosphere

Abstract

If unsaturated water vapor is carried upward by a volcanic eruption column, it may eventually become saturated owing to the decrease in temperature of the column as it expands through decompression and transfers heat to entrained air. Heat released as a result of the subsequent condensation of water vapor causes the air within the column to expand. We show that this increases the buoyancy and therefore the total height of rise of the column. The increase in height is significant in relatively small sub‐Plinian and Strombolian eruptions in which mass eruption rates lie in the range 103 to 106 kg/s. In such eruptions, the latent heat released as the entrained water vapor condenses may provide the main source of heat which drives the ash and clasts upward. The height of rise then becomes relatively insensitive to the mass flux erupted at the vent and depends primarily upon the vapor loading of the atmosphere. In a moist atmosphere, ash may rise several kilomtres higher than in an eruption of comparable strength in a dry environment. Moist convection leads to much wider ash dispersal, particularly from very small eruptions. Subsequently, rain flushing of ash from umbrella clouds may result from the water which forms through the condensation of entrained vapor; the ash provides natural condensation nuclei for some of this entrained vapor, whose mass may be much greater than that of the ash. In small columns (< 15km), the dominant source of water for the formation of accretionary lapilli may be derived from the entrained vapor. In larger Plinian eruptions (> 107 kg/s), the latent heat released by condensation of vapor is relatively small in comparison with the thermal energy provided by the hot clasts and therefore moisture has no significant effect upon the eruption column dynamics; furthermore, the mass of water vapor originating from the erupted volatiles is usually comparable to, or greater than, that entrained from the ambient air. Our model also shows that, if the erupting mixture becomes buoyant, then the eruption columns associated with phreatomagmatic eruptions ascend nearly as high as Plinian columns with the same mass eruption rate. This is because the water which is vaporized by the hot ash at the source, condenses higher in the column and thereby restores its latent heat to the ascending ash.

Transport of SO2 by explosive volcanism on Venus

“…Two and subsequent Woods [1993] models has been applied to the partial density of the gas phase (the density that the gas would have if it occupied the entire control volume, e.g., no particles) within the plume as opposed to the actual density. Of course, as the plume expands adiabatically and entrains additional gas, the relative volume occupied by the solids becomes very small.…”

“…Of course, as the plume expands adiabatically and entrains additional gas, the relative volume occupied by the solids becomes very small. Table 2 Woods' [1988Woods' [ , 1993 expression. It can be seen that using the Woods entrainment term results in an overestimate of the maximum plume height by -4-7% in these cases.…”

A multidisciplinary effort to assign realistic source parameters to models of volcanic ash-cloud transport and dispersion during eruptions

“…Eruptions on May 25 and June 12, which also had associated pyroclastic flows, lie even farther (Woods, 1993, fine dashed and dotted curves in Figure 1). Yet, little scatter is evident in this range of eruption rates.…”

A review of volcanic ash aggregation

“…Initial fragmentation, particle collisions, mixed phase clouds and particle separation all lead to particle charging (Mather and Harrison, 2006) which influences particle collisions and may provide binding forces in the absence of water (more relevant for clouds 1000s km from source or >24 hours in age). Water in ash clouds originates from volatiles in the preeruptive magma (up to ~8 wt.%; Wallace, 2005), entrainment of moist lower tropospheric air (e.g., Woods, 1993;Ernst et al, 1996) and through interaction with external water bodies, (e.g., phreatomagmatic eruptions or from the passage of PDCs across water, e.g., Carey et al, 1996;Edmonds and Herd, 2005). The importance of cloud water content is supported by the presence of large ash aggregates (AP1 and AP2) generated in eruption clouds from both small and large phreatomagmatic eruptions in which a large proportion of external water is incorporated into the eruption column.…”