Moisture Proofing of Spray Dried Particles Comprising Ammonium Nitrate/Potassium Nitrate/Polymer

Nagayama, Seiichiro; Katoh, K.; Higashi, Eiko; Hayashi, Masahiko; Kumagae, Kosuke; Habu, Hiroto; Wada, Yuji; Nakano, Katsuyuki; Arai, M.

doi:10.1002/prep.201400125

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Therefore, considering the advantages of AN (e.g., lower cost, higher safety, and commercial availability), research on the hygroscopic properties of AN has attracted significant attention. 31 Various techniques including blending, 32 surface coating, 31 and cocrystallization 33 have been employed to reduce the hygroscopicity of AN. Among them, the surface coating technique is a favorable platform to address the hygroscopicity challenges associated with AN.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…31 Chattopadhyay 34 reduced the hygroscopicity of AN by using surfactants but did not provide details about the test conditions of hygroscopicity. Since then, great efforts have been made to reduce the hygroscopicity of AN by coating techniques using diverse materials, such as silicic acid/sodium silicate, 35 poly(vinyl alcohol), 33 polyvinyl acetate/ polyacrylamide/polyethylene glycol, 36 silane coupling agent/ poly(vinyl butyral), 37 octadecyl amine/rosin/wax, 38 and acrylonitrile. 39 Chai et al 40 %.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design of Mineral Oil/Stearic Acid Hybrid Coatings for Reducing Hygroscopicity of Ammonium Nitrate

Liu,

Yang,

Dong

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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Ammonium nitrate (AN) is a very promising highenergy oxidant for use in solid propellants but suffers from serious hygroscopicity. While various coating materials (e.g., surfactants) have been employed to mitigate the hygroscopicity of AN, the interaction mechanisms between AN and these coatings remain inadequately understood. Here, we report the preparation of a mineral oil/stearic acid (MO/SA) hybrid coating that significantly reduces the hygroscopicity of AN. The hygroscopicity of AN is efficiently inhibited through interactions between the NH 4 + of AN molecules and the −COOH of SA molecules, resulting in the formation of a dense and hydrophobic coating. Additionally, the defects in the SA coating are compensated for by the MO film. Consequently, MO/SA@AN particles with a low mass ratio of the coating (1.35 wt %) exhibit a low hygroscopicity of 7.24% after being kept in a 90% relative humidity environment at 20 °C for 24 h, representing a 48.10% decline of the hygroscopicity. Furthermore, MO/SA@AN maintains a high rate of hygroscopicity decline, at 29.5%, even at 35 °C and 90% RH after 24 h. Additionally, the hybrid coating effectively accelerates the thermal decomposition reactions of AN. This study provides valuable insights into the development of hybrid coatings with excellent antihygroscopic properties for AN.

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Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of Mineral Oil/Stearic Acid Hybrid Coatings for Reducing Hygroscopicity of Ammonium Nitrate

Liu,

Yang,

Dong

et al. 2024

Langmuir

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show abstract

“…Moreover, research on loose AN shows that the use of stearic acid and cetyl alcohol significantly reduces its hygroscopicity, which also reduces the caking of pure AN [ 30 ]. In addition, spray-dried particles consisting of AN, potassium nitrate, and a polymer (e.g., carboxymethylcellulose salt, polyvinyl alcohol, and styrene-butadiene latex) are effective in moisture proofing [ 31 ]. Thus, these substances can also prevent the agglomeration of nitrate fertilizer granules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Caking Coatings for Improving the Useful Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers with Composition Modeling Using Box–Behnken Design

et al. 2021

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Granular fertilizers (especially those based on ammonium nitrate (AN)) tend to agglomerate during storage. The aims of this research were to develop effective anti-caking coatings for ammonium nitrate fertilizers while improving the quality of fertilizers and to optimize the composition of effective anti-caking coatings. The influence of the composition of the prepared organic coatings on the effectiveness of preventing the caking of fertilizers was studied by response surface methodology (RSM) using Box–Behnken design (BBD). Additionally, the effect of the developed anti-caking agents on the quality of fertilizers was determined by measuring the crushing strength of the granules. The prepared coatings included fatty amine, stearic acid, surfactant, and paraffin wax. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to analyze these coatings. The morphology of the fertilizers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composition studies, based on statistical assessment, showed the coating components had a varying influence on preventing the caking of fertilizers after granulation and after 30 days of storage. The results demonstrated that increasing the content of fatty amines and reducing surfactant in the composition of coating had positive effects on caking prevention. In this study, more effective and economically viable anti-caking coatings were developed. In addition, the present work could serve as a basis to further improve anti-caking coatings.

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“…Ammonium Nitrate is an important oxidizer; it is widely used in the field of energetic materials such as commercial explosives, propellants and nitrogenous fertilizer [1][2][3]. Recently ammonium nitrate has gained lot of interest as green propellant due to its eco-friendly plumes, smoklessness and low sensitivity [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Functionalized Ammonium Nitrate Prills with Enhanced Water Resistance Property: Characterizations and its Application as Commercial Explosives

Ali

Pingua

Dey³

et al. 2020

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Increasing the hydrophobicity of ammonium nitrate is of great significance for its application as commercial explosives. In this article, a surface functionalized ammonium nitrate with enhanced water-resistance property was demonstrated using a new hydrophobic coating agent. Structural properties and thermal stability of the prepared samples were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic results show that a uniform hydrophobic layer is successfully coated on the surface of ammonium nitrate prills. Surface coated ammonium nitrate shows excellent stability in aqueous environment with effective detonation property compared to commonly used ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO) explosives. Thus, our surface modified ammonium nitrate could serve as a potential explosive for watery hole blasting operations.

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Moisture Proofing of Spray Dried Particles Comprising Ammonium Nitrate/Potassium Nitrate/Polymer

Cited by 11 publications

References 5 publications

Design of Mineral Oil/Stearic Acid Hybrid Coatings for Reducing Hygroscopicity of Ammonium Nitrate

Design of Mineral Oil/Stearic Acid Hybrid Coatings for Reducing Hygroscopicity of Ammonium Nitrate

Anti-Caking Coatings for Improving the Useful Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Fertilizers with Composition Modeling Using Box–Behnken Design

Surface Functionalized Ammonium Nitrate Prills with Enhanced Water Resistance Property: Characterizations and its Application as Commercial Explosives

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