Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence and Risk Factors Among 7-9 Years Old School Children in Muradnagar, Ghaziabad

Abstract

Background:The aim of this school-based, cross-sectional survey was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of permanent Molar Incisor Hypomineralization among 7-9 years old school children in Muradnagar.Methods:This cross-sectional study was performed among 7-9 years old school children in Muradnagar. Estimated sample size was 992 in this study. Multistage cluster sampling technique was used in this study in which schools were the clusters which were selected randomly. The study proforma was divided into 2 parts, first part comprised of demographic status, socio-economic status, questionnaires on risk factors of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation such as prenatal, perinatal and postnal history upto 3 years, feeding pattern, fluoride and other pollutants exposure history, dental history, history of trauma to teeth/face, family history of enamel defects which was asked to the mothers and filled by one examiner in a face to face interview. The second part comprised of recording format of clinical variables assessed by investigator to be recorded by the recording clerk. Molar incisor hypomineralisation were recorded using Modified Developmental Defect of Enamel index developed by Clarkson J.J. and O’ Mullane D.M. in 1989 and dental caries by using Decayed Missing Filled Tooth index (World Health Organization Modification 1997) in which WHO probe was used for examination of dental caries as recommended by WHO in the Oral Health Surveys, Fourth edition; 1997 (Spanish version). Before 1997 modification dental explorer was used for the examination of dental caries. Chi square test, Pearson’s Correlation test, Logistic Regression Analysis and Unpaired t-test were used for analysing the data.Results:The overall prevalence rate of Molar incisor hypomineralisation was 21.4% in this study. Age, problems during pregnancy, normal delivery and childhood illness/ infections are the risk factors which have highest strength of association.Conclusion:In the present study Molar incisor hypomineralisation was found to affect 2 out of every 10 children examined which was higher than that observed in other studies on Indian children.

Assessment of Genetical, Pre, Peri and Post Natal Risk Factors of Deciduous Molar Hypomineralization (DMH), Hypomineralized Second Primary Molar (HSPM) and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (MIH): A Narrative Review

“…Outcome . The aim of the study was to investigate the possible association between MIH and genetic or pre-, peri-, and post- natal factors [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ].…”

“…Pre-natal factors. By comparing the results, the following factors were identified as significant in the development of this type of injury: problems/complications in pregnancy (20% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH) [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 21 , 27 ], alcohol consumption or smoking (8% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH and HPSM) [ 31 , 34 ] and the intake of antibiotics (4% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH) [ 23 ].…”

“…Peri-natal factors. By comparing the results, among the most significant peri-natal causes, the following were identified as significant factors in the development of this type of injury: premature childbirth (12% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH and HPSM) [ 14 , 25 , 30 ], type of childbirth (12% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH) [ 15 , 19 , 21 ], hypoxia or respiratory problems (12% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH) [ 19 , 21 , 27 ], birth weight (8% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH and DMH) [ 27 , 29 ], and intake of vitamin D (4% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of HPSM) [ 31 ].…”

“…Post-natal factors. Breastfeeding period (8% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH) [ 14 , 27 ], asthma (16% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH and HPSM) [ 14 , 16 , 18 , 30 ], high fever episodes (20% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH and DMH) [ 14 , 18 , 24 , 26 , 27 ], infections/illness (20% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH) [ 14 , 15 , 18 , 22 , 27 ], chickenpox (12% of studies; this condition is correlated to development of MIH) [ 14 , 18 , 24 ], antibiotic intake (8% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH) [ 18 , 23 ], diarrhea (4% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH) [ 14 ], and pneumonia (4% of studies; this condition is correlated to the development of MIH) [ 24 ].…”

“…Although in fewer numbers, we also found some relevance in pre- and perinatal causes, such as the use of antibiotics in pregnancy, alcohol consumption or smoking and complications related to the last trimester of pregnancy [ 14 , 15 , 17 , 21 , 23 , 27 , 31 , 34 ], as they can affect the type of childbirth, premature birth, birth weight, the Agar Score, and respiratory problems [ 14 , 15 , 19 , 21 , 25 , 27 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”