Molarity Effects of Fe and NaOH on Synthesis and Characterisation of Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles for Potential Application in Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy

Abstract

In this study, the effect of molarity on the structural, magnetic, and heat dissipation properties of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) was investigated to optimise the parameters for potential application in magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT). MHT works based on the principle of local temperature rise at the tumour site by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONPs) with the application of an alternating magnetic field. MHT is a safe method for cancer treatment and has minimal or no side effects. Magnetite (Fe3O4) is the best material among MIONPs to be applied in local MHT due to its biocompatibility and high saturation magnetisation value. MNPs were prepared by co-precipitation at varying molarity. Structural characterisation was performed via X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) for crystalline structure analysis and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) for morphology and particle size analysis. Measurement of the magnetic properties of the as-synthesised MNPs was carried out using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Power loss (P) was determined theoretically. The increase in molarity resulted in significant effects on the structural, magnetic, and heat dissipation properties of MNPs. The particle size and saturation magnetisation (Ms) decreased with the gradual addition of base but increased, together with crystallinity, with the gradual addition of iron source. M3 recorded the smallest crystalline size at 3.559 nm. The sample with the highest molarity (M4) displayed the highest heat generation capacity with a p value of up to 0.4056 W/g. High p values at the nano-scale are crucial, especially in local MHT, for effective heat generation, thus proving the importance of molarity as a vital parameter during MNP synthesis.

Preparation of stable colloidal dispersion of surface modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles for magnetic heating applications

“…It is worth mentioning that an ideal superparamagnetic nanoparticle should have zero coercivity 79 , but on the other hand achivieng to exactly zero coercivity is not common in literature and different low amounts has been reported in literature for this parameter. For example 189.3 Oe 80 , 7.8 Oe 81 and 41.7 Oe 82 . Comparing the results with literature shows that the results are in acceptable range and the hystersis loops are negligable 79 , 83 – 85 .…”

Electrospun Magnetic Nanofiber Mats for Magnetic Hyperthermia in Cancer Treatment Applications—Technology, Mechanism, and Materials

“…Hyperthermia is a procedure used in medical science to treat cancer by heating cancer cells, and thus killing them, using various techniques. Depending on the targeted cancer cells, temperatures range from 39 • C to 46 • C [75][76][77][78][79][80][81]. Some essential components to increase the temperature of tumor cells include ultrasound, radiofrequency (in the range from 100 kHz to 150 MHz), microwaves (wavelengths from 433 to 2450 MHz), hot water perfusion (pipes, ceilings), infrared emitters, nanoparticles, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, and resistive wire implants in a hyperthermia system [82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91].…”

Synthesis of New Composite Adsorbents for Removing Heavy Metals and Dyes from Aqueous Solution

“…Co-precipitation of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ , partial oxidation of Fe 2+ , and partial reduction of Fe 3+ , pursued by co-precipitation, are steps in the chemical precipitation process that produce magnetite [25]. Because Fe 3 O 4 includes both ferric iron and ferrous at this ratio, the co-precipitation of Fe 3+ and Fe 2+ ions at a ratio of 1 to 2 in an alkaline medium can be considered as a one of the most well-liked, simple, and inexpensive routes of synthesis [26,27]. Different morphologies of magnetic Fe 3 O 4 NPs, including nanoparticles, nanocubes, octahedral, and rhombic dodecahedrons, have been developed through synthetic approaches [28].…”