Molecular Adaptations to Concurrent Training

Abstract

This study investigated the chronic effects of concurrent training (CT) on morphological and molecular adaptations. 37 men (age=23.7?5.5 year) were divided into 4 groups: interval (IT), strength (ST) and concurrent (CT) training and a control group (C) and underwent 8 weeks of training. Maximum strength (1RM) and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) were evaluated before and after training. Muscle samples were obtained before the training program and 48?h after the last training session. VO2max improved in 5?0.95% and 15?1.3% (pre- to post-test) in groups CT and IT, respectively, when compared to C. Time to exhaustion (TE) improved from pre- to post-test when compared to C (CT=6.1?0.58%; IT=8.3?0.88%; ST=3.2?0.66%). 1RM increased from pre-to post-test only in ST and CT groups (ST=18.5?3.16%; CT=17.6?3.01%). Similarly, ST and CT groups increased quadriceps CSA from pre-to post-test (6.2?1.4%; 7.8?1.66%). The p70S6K1 total protein content increased after CT. The ST group showed increased Akt phosphorylation at Ser473 (45.0?3.3%) whereas AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 increased only in IT group, (100?17.6%). In summary, our data suggest that despite the differences in molecular adaptations between training regimens, CT did not blunt muscle strength and hypertrophy increments when compared with ST.

Short‐term low‐intensity blood flow restricted interval training improves both aerobic fitness and muscle strength

“…From a practical point of view, BFR training provided a significant functional improvement for our active subjects by using a shorter exercise training session (30–45 min, including warm‐up) and a low work rate (∼66 W or 40% VO 2max ). The improvements were similar in magnitude to those which have been shown by combining two different modes of training (∼1 h session), i.e., concurrent endurance and strength training (Mikkola et al., ; de Souza et al., ).…”

Neuromuscular Adaptations to Different Modes of Combined Strength and Endurance Training

“…The neural adaptations initially being responsible for improvements in force with hypertrophy following later [25,37,39] supports this assumption, as the E + S group experienced significant gains in VL CSA during both training periods. Furthermore, the stimuli for muscle hypertrophy that is produced by combined training has been suggested to override possible hypertrophyblunting effects observed particularly after interval-type endurance training [15], which is reflected in the significant improvements of VL cross-sectional area for all groups in the present study. It is worth noting that even cycling alone has been found to induce a certain level of hypertrophy, as far as previously untrained subjects are concerned.…”

“…E + S also showed unchanged and S + E increased maximum EMG after 24 weeks during maximal isometric muscle actions. A high correlation (p < 0.001, r = 0.83) between the individual changes in voluntary activation and maximal knee extension force was found for E + S during weeks [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Neural adaptations showed indications of being compromised and highly individual relating to changes in isometric strength when E + S-training was performed, while gains in one-repetition maximum, endurance performance and hypertrophy did not differ between the training modes.…”

“…Strength loading leads to acute decreases in neuromuscular performance [50] and, similarly, acute decreases in maximal force have also been noted following endurance exercise [46,47]. Attention has previously been directed towards molecular adaptations as an explanation for possible difficulties in optimizing performance when training concurrently for strength and endurance [4,15], whereas neural adaptations and differences between different modes of concurrent training have not been comprehensively investigated. Results from elderly populations point to an order effect in favor of strength preceding endurance with regard to training-induced neuromuscular adaptations [11,12], although age-related declines in the same parameters [30] may complicate the interpretation.…”

Impact of exercise training on redox signaling in cardiovascular diseases

“…Therefore, the identification of novel therapeutic targets that improve cardiac function in patients with myocardial infarction-induced heart failure remains a major priority (Budas et al, 2012;Cunha et al, 2012b;de Souza et al, 2013;Ferreira et al, 2011a,b;Ferreira and Mochly-Rosen, 2012;Palaniyandi et al, 2011). Oxidant stress has been widely recognized as key player in the establishment and progression of heart failure.…”