Molecular analysis of blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M in extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae recovered from fecal specimens of animals

Abstract

Colonization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae as animal gut microbiota is a substantial global threat. This study aimed to determine the molecular characterization of blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M variants in animals, as well as to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance conferred by these genes. We prospectively analyzed 1273 fecal specimens of farm and domestic animals for the isolation of enterobacteria that had the ESBL phenotype by using biochemical methods. The extracted genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced for the characterization of blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaCTX-M variants. The drug-resistance spectrum and hierarchical clusters were analyzed against 19 antibacterial agents. Out of 245 (19.2%) ESBL enterobacteria, 180 (75.5%) Escherichia coli and 34 (13.9%) Klebsiella pneumoniae were prevalent species. A total of 73.9% blaCTX-M, 26.1% blaTEM, and 14.2% blaSHV were found among the enterobacteria; however, their association with farm or domestic animals was not statistically significant. The distribution of bla gene variants showed the highest number of blaCTX-M-1 (133; 54.3%), followed by blaCTX-M-15 (28; 11.4%), blaTEM-52 (40; 16.3%), and blaSHV-12 (22; 9%). In addition, 84.5% of the enterobacteria had the integrons intI1. We observed ±100% enterobacteria resistant to cephalosporin, 7 (2.9%) to colistin (minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoint ≥4 μg/mL), 9 (3.7%) to piperacillin-tazobactam, 11 (4.5%) to imipenem, 14 (5.7%) to meropenem, and 18 (7.3%) to cefoperazone-sulbactam, without statistically significant association. Animal gut microbiota contain a considerable number of blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaSHV, and integrons, which are a potential source of acquired extensive drug resistance in human strains and leaves fewer therapeutic substitutes.

Heavy Metal Tolerance Trend in Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase Encoding Strains Recovered from Food Samples

“…Genes encoding ESBL were amplified from all phenotypically characterized ESBL producers. Previously reported primers for bla SHV , bla TEM , and bla CTX-M were used, and the PCR conditions were optimized [18]. PCR conditions were followed as: initial denaturation at 95 • C for 3 min; 30 cycles of 15 s at 95 • C, 56 • C for 35 s and 72 • C for 1 min; finally, a 7 min extension step at 72 • C. The amplified products were visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis, and product sizes were determined using a DNA ladder (100 bp).…”

High β-Lactam and Quinolone Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae from the Respiratory Tract of Sheep and Goat with Respiratory Disease

“…Furthermore, the close contact between animals and humans facilitates cross-transmission, especially members of the Enterobacterales which are closely related normal intestinal flora that rarely cause disease in normal hosts. However, they can cause serious disease in immunocompromised patients due to other diseases [ 4 ], and have the ability to acquire and disseminate several unique resistance mechanisms [ 25 , 26 ]. The emergence and spread of ESBL- and Amp-producing Enterobacteriaceae from animals has become an important community concern worldwide.…”

“…Recently, there have been growing reports that elucidate and support the potential link between the emergence of AMR in humans and AMR in livestock populations [ 2 , 3 ]. Gram-negative bacteria, especially Enterobacteriacea, are of grave concern as their emergence and transmission, particularly extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC-producers from animals, have become a critical worldwide community concern [ 4 ]. The uncontrolled use of antibiotics in humans and animals, coupled with the use of human antibiotics in veterinary medicine has resulted in increasing the rates of AMR, especially in developing countries including Egypt [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ].…”

“…Enterobacteriaceae acquire ESBL genes as well as other antimicrobial resistance determinates by mutation or horizontal gene transfer, which allows the rapid transmission and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance [ 4 ]. The emergence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae has been well documented in animals and/or animal products in Europe and Asia [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. However, little is known about their prevalence and their genetic basis of AMR in animals in Egypt.…”

Presence of the Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase and Plasmid-Mediated AmpC-Encoding Genes in Escherichia coli from Companion Animals—A Study from a University-Based Veterinary Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan

“…In Asia, similar studies have revealed that the prevalence rates of ESBL-producing E. coli from companion animals in China and Japan were 24.5% and 28%, respectively [ 11 , 12 ]. In a study conducted in Pakistan, 15.3% of Enterobacteriaceae in companion animals were noted to be ESBL producing [ 13 ]. A high prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in Asian countries warrants concern.…”