Molecular analysis of large transposable elements carrying the <i>white</i>
 locus of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>

Paro, Renato; Goldberg, Michael L.; Gehring, Walter J.

doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1983.tb01513.x

Cited by 50 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…fas1 encodes a neural cell adhesion molecule (9), and a mutant allele exists which was caused by insertion of a large, transposable element at position 89D (18). Revertant alleles from this insertion which are fas1 ϩ did not enhance the roughness of bif mutant eyes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Drosophila bifocal Gene Encodes a Novel Protein Which Colocalizes with Actin and Is Necessary for Photoreceptor Morphogenesis

Bahri

Yang

Chia

1997

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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Photoreceptor cells of the Drosophila compound eye begin to develop specialized membrane foldings at the apical surface in midpupation. The microvillar structure ultimately forms the rhabdomere, an actin-rich light-gathering organelle with a characteristic shape and morphology. In a P-element transposition screen, we isolated mutations in a gene, bifocal (bif), which is required for the development of normal rhabdomeres. The morphological defects seen in bif mutant animals, in which the distinct contact domains established by the newly formed rhabdomeres are abnormal, first become apparent during midpupal development. The later defects seen in the mutant adult R cells are more dramatic, with the rhabdomeres enlarged, elongated, and frequently split. bif encodes a novel putative protein of 1063 amino acids which is expressed in the embryo and the larval eye imaginal disc in a pattern identical to that of F actin. During pupal development, Bif localizes to the base of the filamentous actin associated with the forming rhabdomeres along one side of the differentiating R cells. On the basis of its subcellular localization and loss-of-function phenotype, we discuss possible roles of Bif in photoreceptor morphogenesis.The Drosophila eye has provided an excellent system with which to study pattern formation and differentiation at the single-cell level. The adult compound eye consists of ϳ800 unit eyes, or ommatidia, each containing eight photoreceptor neurons (R cells) and an invariant array of nonneuronal accessory cells. Each R cell projects to the center of the eye a microvillar stack of membranes rich in rhodopsin, called the rhabdomere (32). Rhabdomere position and size serve to distinguish between different classes of R cells.Pattern formation in the developing Drosophila eye begins in the third instar larval eye disc and is closely associated with a morphological indentation in the disc called the morphogenetic furrow, which moves across the disc epithelium in a posterior-to-anterior direction (19). Differentiation of R cells initiates at the posterior edge of the furrow, and their formation is completed by the end of the third larval instar stage. In the midpupal stage (starting ϳ48 h postpuparium formation), R cells develop actin-rich microvillar structures (which will later form rhabdomeres) at the apical surface, a process normally characterized by disorganized membrane ruffling (29). At this stage, two distinct apical domains become apparent, a microvillar tip facing the future interretinal space and a smooth stalk extending to the adherens junctions (15). R7 projects to the center of the ommatidium and contacts surrounding rhabdomeres of other R cells. R3 builds its rhabdomere against the stalks of R2 and R4, whereas R4 forms contacts with the rhabdomeres of R2 and R7. Rhabdomere development is essentially completed at 110 h of pupation (prior to eclosion), by which stage they retract from the center of the retina, leaving behind an interretinal space.At the subcellular level, the rhabdomeral microvilli are...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Drosophila bifocal Gene Encodes a Novel Protein Which Colocalizes with Actin and Is Necessary for Photoreceptor Morphogenesis

Bahri

Yang

Chia

1997

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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“…However, part or all of this polymorphism may be due to restriction site polymorphism or variability in the size of the TU element. The foldback family of Drosophila transposons (45,46,58), which has some structural similarity to the TU elements and is the only other well-characterized family of eucaryotic transposable elements with long terminal IVRs, does display a high rate of transposition (11,12,29,36,37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TU elements: a heterogeneous family of modularly structured eucaryotic transposons.

Hoffman-Liebermann¹,

Liebermann²,

Kedes³

et al. 1985

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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We describe here a family of foldback transposons found in the genome of the higher eucaryote, the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Two major classes of TU elements have been identified by analysis of genomic DNA and TU element clones. One class consists of largely similar elements with long terminal inverted repeats (IVRs) containing outer and inner domains and sharing a common middle segment that can undergo deletions. Some of these elements contain insertions. The second class is highly heterogeneous, with many different middle segments nonhomologous to those of the first-class and variable-sized inverted repeats that contain only an outer domain. The middle and insertion segments of both classes carry sequences that also are found unassociated from the inverted repeats at many other genomic locations. We conclude that the TU elements are modular structures composed of inverted repeats plus other sequence domains that are themselves members of different families of dispersed repetitive sequences. Such modular elements may have a role in the dispersion and rearrangement of genomic DNA segments.Transposable genetic elements, which were first discovered in maize (41) and later found in bacteria (for a review, see reference 32), have been identified in a variety of animal species (52). There is increasing evidence that transposable elements may play an important role in generating genetic diversity (16). Moreover, in yeast cells, the regulation of the mating-type cassette switch involves site-specific recombinational events similar to those mediated by transposons (24, 31), as does the mechanism regulating the variant expression of surface antigens in trypanosomes (5). In Drosophila melanogaster, hybrid dysgenesis involves the P transposable element (30). Similar rearrangements have been postulated to play a role in the regulation of cell type determination and differentiation (26,42). Recent themselves members of different families of dispersed repetitive sequences. The modularity of the TU element family is reminiscent of the structure of some procaryotic transposons (34) and suggests a possible role for these elements in the dispersion and rearrangement of segments of genomic DNA. MATERIALS AND METHODSGeneral methods. Restriction enzymes were obtained from New England Biolabs or Bethesda Research Laboratories and used according to the instructions of the manufacturers. DNA fragments were isolated by electroelution from either agarose or acrylamide preparative gels after fractionation of the appropriately digested DNA. Further purification by multiple phenol, phenol-chloroform, and chloroform extractions was followed by precipitation with ethanol and resuspension in a small volume (50 to 100 ,ul) of doubly distilled water. Fragments used as hybridization probes were radioactively labeled by nick translation (48). Both acrylamide and agarose gels were run in TBE buffer (0.089 M Tris-borate [pH 8.3], 20 mM EDTA). Fragments of k HindlIl-and pBR322 HinfI-digested DNA were used as molecular weight standar...

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“…Some mutations in this latter class can revert by homologous recombination between the two long terminal repeats (LTRs), thus eliminating the element. In addition, some insertional mutants can be suppressed by mutations in unlinked genes (2,3,31,33,34,43,54,57).…”

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confidence: 99%

Retrovirus-induced insertional mutagenesis: mechanism of collagen mutation in Mov13 mice.

Barker¹,

Wu²,

Hartung³

et al. 1991

Mol. Cell. Biol.

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The Movl3 mouse strain carries a mutation in the otl(I) procollagen gene which is due to the insertion of a Moloney murine leukemia provirus into the first intron. This insertion results in the de novo methylation of the provirus and flanking DNA, the alteration of chromatin structure, and the transcriptional inactivity of the collagen promoter. To address the mechanism of mutagenesis, we reintroduced a cloned and therefore demethylated version of the Movl3 mutant allele into mouse fibroblasts. The transfected gene was not transcribed, indicating that the transcriptional defect was not due to the hypermethylation. Rather, this result strongly suggests that the mutation is due to the displacement or disruption of cis-acting regulatory DNA sequences within the first intron. We also constructed a Movl3 variant allele containing a single long terminal repeat instead of the whole provirus. This construct also failed to express mRNA, indicating that the Movl3 mutation does not revert by provirus excision as has been observed for other retrovirus-induced mutations.

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Molecular analysis of large transposable elements carrying the white locus of Drosophila melanogaster

Cited by 50 publications

References 36 publications

The Drosophila bifocal Gene Encodes a Novel Protein Which Colocalizes with Actin and Is Necessary for Photoreceptor Morphogenesis

The Drosophila bifocal Gene Encodes a Novel Protein Which Colocalizes with Actin and Is Necessary for Photoreceptor Morphogenesis

TU elements: a heterogeneous family of modularly structured eucaryotic transposons.

Retrovirus-induced insertional mutagenesis: mechanism of collagen mutation in Mov13 mice.

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