Molecular and epidemiological features of GIIb norovirus outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2002–2005

Bruggink, Leesa D.; Marshall, John A.

doi:10.1002/jmv.21582

Cited by 28 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Since a correlation was established between the complete nucleotide sequence of VP1 and a partial nt sequence (region D) (Vinjé et al 2004), this region has been used to genotype NoV. The comparison of different strains has been hampered by the use of different approaches for molecular characterization of NoV (Victoria et al 2007, Ferreira et al 2008, Bruggink & Marshall 2009, Nataraju et al 2010). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of noroviruses in Brazil

Fioretti

Ferreira

Victoria

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of noroviruses in Brazil

Fioretti

Ferreira

Victoria

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…Evidence based on recombinants generated from a small, ssDNA virus, maize streak virus, demonstrated that fragments of genetic material only function optimally if they reside within genomes similar to those in which they evolved (Martin et al, 2005 , 2006). Later, GIIb recombinants were identified in a wide range of countries, indicating their widespread distribution across continents (Bruggink & Marshall, 2009;Fukuda et al, 2008;Gomes et al, 2007). It is possible that recombination was able to give rise to novel NoV strains capable of epidemic spread in human In vitro MNV recombination populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental evidence of recombination in murine noroviruses

Mathijs

Muylkens

Mauroy

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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Based on sequencing data, norovirus (NoV) recombinants have been described, but no experimental evidence of recombination in NoVs has been documented. Using the murine norovirus (MNV) model, we investigated the occurrence of genetic recombination between two co-infecting wild-type MNV isolates in RAW cells. The design of a PCR-based genotyping tool allowed accurate discrimination between the parental genomes and the detection of a viable recombinant MNV (Rec MNV) in the progeny viruses. Genetic analysis of Rec MNV identified a homologous-recombination event located at the ORF1-ORF2 overlap. Rec MNV exhibited distinct growth curves and produced smaller plaques than the wild-type MNV in RAW cells. Here, we demonstrate experimentally that MNV undergoes homologous recombination at the previously described recombination hot spot for NoVs, suggesting that the MNV model might be suitable for in vitro studies of NoV recombination. Moreover, the results show that exchange of genetic material between NoVs can generate viruses with distinct biological properties from the parental viruses. INTRODUCTIONNoroviruses (NoVs) are an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Since the first description of NoVs in humans in 1968, NoV infections have also been detected in domestic and captive wild animals (Scipioni et al., 2008). The genus Norovirus belongs to the family Caliciviridae. NoVs are non-enveloped viruses with a single-stranded, positive-sense, polyadenylated RNA genome composed of around 7500 nt. Three overlapping ORFs encode the non-structural (ORF1) and structural (ORF2 and ORF3) viral proteins. The ORF1-encoded polyprotein is cleaved further by the viral proteinase into six mature products with the gene order N-term, NTPase, p18-20/22, genome-linked virus protein (VPg), proteinase and polymerase (Sosnovtsev et al., 2006). NoVs are divided into five genogroups (GI-V) based on their genomic composition (Zheng et al., 2006). Human NoVs are classified into GI, GII and GIV, whereas bovine and murine NoVs (MNVs) cluster respectively into GIII and GV. Other NoVs detected in animals constitute distinct genotypes in GII and GIV: porcine NoVs belong to GII and NoVs detected in a lion cub and young dogs cluster into GIV (Martella et al., 2007(Martella et al., , 2008.Little is known about human NoV biology, due to the lack of a regular cell-culture system or small-animal model for human NoVs. MNVs constitute a substitute for the in vitro study of human and other animal NoVs , as it is possible for them to be grown in murine macrophages and dendritic cell lines. Viruses can evolve rapidly due to small-scale mutations and recombination. Genetic recombination enables the creation of new combinations of genetic materials, generating more dramatic genomic changes than point mutations. This phenomenon has been described for a large number of RNA viruses (Lai, 1992). Predictive recombination tools together with similarity plots between putative recombinant genomes and the suspected parental genomes have suggested rec...

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“…Nucleotide sequencing was carried out for the products of the RT-PCR protocols 2, 3 and 4 essentially as given previously [26]. For protocol 2, a fragment of 195 bp corresponding to nucleotides 5,133-5,327 relative to the norovirus reference strain JX459908 was used.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Where the typing tool was unable to type the fragment, a BLAST search was performed and the closest match was put into the typing tool to identify the genotype. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using Phylip v3.68, essentially as described previously [26], to examine the clustering patterns of ORF 1 and ORF 2 fragments. …”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Comparative Molecular Epidemiology of GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2012-2014

Bruggink

Moselen²,

Marshall³

2016

Intervirology

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The comparative molecular epidemiology of the related GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 noroviruses has not been examined in detail. ORF 1, ORF 2 and ORF 1/ORF 2 RT-PCR as well as sequencing and phylogeny analysis were carried out on faecal specimens from 873 gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia (2012-2014). There were 575 (66%) detected as positive for norovirus by means of ORF 1 RT-PCR and/or ORF 2 RT-PCR. Of these, 24 (4.2%) were GII.6 (ORF 2) outbreaks, 7 (1.2%) were GII.7 (ORF 2) outbreaks, and 1 outbreak (0.2%) involved both GII.6 (ORF 2) and GII.7 (ORF 2) noroviruses. The median age of patients identified with GII.6 (ORF 2) (84 years) was significantly different from that of patients identified with GII.7 (ORF 2) (39 years). ORF 2 GII.6 and ORF 2 GII.7 sequences were always associated with a GII.P7 ORF 1 sequence, and GII.P7 sequences fell into two clusters, with one corresponding to the GII.6 ORF 2 genotype and the other to the GII.7 ORF 2 genotype, thereby indicating that the ORF 1 has been evolving separately for the two viruses. Thus, two closely related noroviruses can have a markedly different incidence and epidemiology.

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Molecular and epidemiological features of GIIb norovirus outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2002–2005

Cited by 28 publications

References 34 publications

Genetic diversity of noroviruses in Brazil

Genetic diversity of noroviruses in Brazil

Experimental evidence of recombination in murine noroviruses

The Comparative Molecular Epidemiology of GII.P7_GII.6 and GII.P7_GII.7 Norovirus Outbreaks in Victoria, Australia, 2012-2014

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