Homozygote varitint-waddler (Va) mice, expressing a mutant isoform (A419P) of TRPML3 (mucolipin 3), are profoundly deaf and display vestibular and pigmentation deficiencies, sterility, and perinatal lethality. Here we show that the varitint-waddler isoform of TRPML3 carrying an A419P mutation represents a constitutively active cation channel that can also be identified in native varitintwaddler hair cells as a distinct inwardly rectifying current. We hypothesize that the constitutive activation of TRPML3 occurs as a result of a helix-breaking proline substitution in transmembranespanning domain 5 (TM5). A proline substitution scan demonstrated that the inner third of TRPML3's TM5 is highly susceptible to proline-based kinks. Proline substitutions in TM5 of other TRP channels revealed that TRPML1, TRPML2, TRPV5, and TRPV6 display a similar susceptibility at comparable positions, whereas other TRP channels were not affected. We conclude that the molecular basis for deafness in the varitint-waddler mouse is the result of hair cell death caused by constitutive TRPML3 activity. To our knowledge, our study provides the first direct mechanistic link of a mutation in a TRP ion channel with mammalian hearing loss.cation channel ͉ cochlea ͉ hair cell ͉ inner ear ͉ TRP channel T ransient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels are important components of many cellular and sensory systems, such as osmosensation, photosensation, taste sensation, and thermosensation (1, 2). In Drosophila, Caenorhabditis elegans, and lower vertebrates, mutations in TRP channels have also been associated with loss of sensitivity to touch and other forms of mechanical stimulation (3-5). Besides the general notion that they conduct cations, TRP channels have quite diverse structural and functional properties (1, 2).The identification of mutations in the human mucolipin (TRPML1) gene as the cause of mucolipidosis type IV, a neurodegenerative, recessive, lysosomal storage disorder characterized by psychomotor retardation and visual impairment, led to the initial description of the TRPML subfamily (6, 7). The mammalian TRPML subfamily consists of three members: TRPML1, TRPML2, and TRPML3. Like other TRP channels TRPML proteins contain six putative transmembrane domains with cytosolic amino and carboxyl termini. A mutant isoform of murine Trpml3 has recently been identified as the underlying cause of the varitint-waddler (Va) phenotype that is manifested in profound deafness, vestibular defects, pigmentation deficiencies, sterility, and perinatal lethality (8, 9). The Trpml3 (Va) allele displays an alanine to proline substitution at amino acid position 419 (A419P) in the fifth transmembrane domain of TRPML3 (8) [supporting information (SI) Fig. 5]. A second amino acid substitution (I362T) positioned at the second extracellular loop arose in cis to A419P, resulting in the Va J allele that attenuates and partially rescues the severe Va phenotype by an unknown mechanism.The present work was conducted to determine the specific role of the varitint-waddl...