Molecular and Genetic Events Determining the Softening of Fleshy Fruits: A Comprehensive Review

Peng, Zhenzhen; Liu, Gangshuai; Liu, Hongli; Wang, Yunxiang; Gao, Haiyan; Jemrić, Tomislav; Fu, Daqi

doi:10.3390/ijms232012482

Cited by 35 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…Therefore, cell separation is the key event controlling the overall cell wall degradation. As the middle lamina is mainly composed of pectin, this observation is consistent with the fact that pectin degradation has been well-established to play a major role in fruit softening [ 39 , 62 ]. In addition to cell wall degradation, it has been proposed that a decrease in cell turgor might be an important factor in promoting fruit softening.…”

Section: Cell Wall Modification Along With Fruit Development and Ripe...supporting

confidence: 84%

“…The hemicellulose, which may contribute to cell rigidity, is mainly made up of xyloglucans, xylans, and glucomannans. Pectins, which are a diverse group of heteropolysaccharides containing galacturonic acid residues, are the common and major components of the primary cell wall and middle lamella and have an important role in cell-to-cell adhesion [ 60 , 61 , 62 ]. There exist three major classes of pectins: homogalacturonan (HG), rhamnogalacturonan 1 (RG-I), and rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II).…”

Section: Cell Wall Modification Along With Fruit Development and Ripe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Fruit Ripening

Jia

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2023

IJMS

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Plant cell walls are essential structures for plant growth and development as well as plant adaptation to environmental stresses. Thus, plants have evolved signaling mechanisms to monitor the changes in the cell wall structure, triggering compensatory changes to sustain cell wall integrity (CWI). CWI signaling can be initiated in response to environmental and developmental signals. However, while environmental stress-associated CWI signaling has been extensively studied and reviewed, less attention has been paid to CWI signaling in relation to plant growth and development under normal conditions. Fleshy fruit development and ripening is a unique process in which dramatic alternations occur in cell wall architecture. Emerging evidence suggests that CWI signaling plays a pivotal role in fruit ripening. In this review, we summarize and discuss the CWI signaling in relation to fruit ripening, which will include cell wall fragment signaling, calcium signaling, and NO signaling, as well as Receptor-Like Protein Kinase (RLKs) signaling with an emphasis on the signaling of FERONIA and THESEUS, two members of RLKs that may act as potential CWI sensors in the modulation of hormonal signal origination and transduction in fruit development and ripening.

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Section: Cell Wall Modification Along With Fruit Development and Ripe...supporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Cell Wall Modification Along With Fruit Development and Ripe...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Fruit Ripening

Jia

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2023

IJMS

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“…From ripening to completion, a series of changes occur within the fruit: starch is converted into sugar, organic acids are broken down, the acidity decreases, the pectinase activity increases, causing pectin differentiation, and the pulp becomes soft. ETH is an essential factor in the regulation of fruit-ripening initiation [ 121 , 122 ].…”

Section: H 2 S Is Involved In Plant Growth and Dev...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cell wall is an essential structure for maintaining plant morphology and defense against fungi. Pectin methylesterase (PME, EC 3.1.1.11), polygalacturonase (PG, EC 3.2.1.15), and endo-β-1,4-glucanase (EGase, EC 3.2.1.4) are crucial factors influencing the process of post-harvest cell wall softening [ 121 ]. Chitinase (CHI, EC 3.2.1.14) and beta-1,3-glucanase (GNS, EC 3.2.1.6) are critical factors in fruit decay [ 129 ].…”

Section: H 2 S Is Involved In Plant Growth and Dev...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Functions of Hydrogen Sulfide in Plants

Zhou

Wang

Feng

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which is a gasotransmitter, can be biosynthesized and participates in various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. H2S also positively affects plants’ adaptation to abiotic stresses. Here, we summarize the specific ways in which H2S is endogenously synthesized and metabolized in plants, along with the agents and methods used for H2S research, and outline the progress of research on the regulation of H2S on plant metabolism and morphogenesis, abiotic stress tolerance, and the series of different post-translational modifications (PTMs) in which H2S is involved, to provide a reference for future research on the mechanism of H2S action.

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“…Fruit ripening is a complex process during which various metabolic pathways are orchestrated in a timely manner. These include chlorophyll breakdown, pigment synthesis, sugar accumulation, acid degradation, aroma-related volatile production and other processes (Peng et al, 2022;Wang et al, 2022). Traditionally, fruit ripening is classified as climacteric vs. non-climacteric.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abscisic acid plays a key role in the regulation of date palm fruit ripening

Elbar

Maytal²,

David³

et al. 2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit is of major importance for the nutrition of broad populations in the world’s desert strip; yet it is sorely understudied. Understanding the mechanism regulating date fruit development and ripening is essential to customise date crop to the climatic change, which elaborates yield losses due to often too early occurring wet season. This study aimed to uncover the mechanism regulating date fruit ripening. To that end, we followed the natural process of date fruit development and the effects of exogenous hormone application on fruit ripening in the elite cultivar ‘Medjool’. The results of the current study indicate that the onset of fruit ripening occurre once the seed had reached maximum dry weight. From this point, fruit pericarp endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) levels consistently increased until fruit harvest. The final stage in fruit ripening, the yellow-to-brown transition, was preceded by an arrest of xylem-mediated water transport into the fruit. Exogenous ABA application enhanced fruit ripening when applied just before the green-to-yellow fruit color transition. Repeated ABA applications hastened various fruit ripening processes, resulting in earlier fruit harvest. The data presented supports a pivotal role for ABA in the regulation of date fruit ripening.

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Molecular and Genetic Events Determining the Softening of Fleshy Fruits: A Comprehensive Review

Cited by 35 publications

References 158 publications

Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Fruit Ripening

Cell Wall Integrity Signaling in Fruit Ripening

Biological Functions of Hydrogen Sulfide in Plants

Abscisic acid plays a key role in the regulation of date palm fruit ripening

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