Molecular and Morphological Engineering of Organic Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract

Organic electrode materials (OEMs) can deliver remarkable battery performance for metal-ion batteries (MIBs) due to their unique molecular versatility, high flexibility, versatile structures, sustainable organic resources, and low environmental costs. Therefore, OEMs are promising, green alternatives to the traditional inorganic electrode materials used in state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries. Before OEMs can be widely applied, some inherent issues, such as their low intrinsic electronic conductivity, significant solubility in electrolytes, and large volume change, must be addressed. In this review, the potential roles, energy storage mechanisms, existing challenges, and possible solutions to address these challenges by using molecular and morphological engineering are thoroughly summarized and discussed. Molecular engineering, such as grafting electron-withdrawing or electron-donating functional groups, increasing various redox-active sites, extending conductive networks, and increasing the degree of polymerization, can enhance the electrochemical performance, including its specific capacity (such as the voltage output and the charge transfer number), rate capability, and cycling stability. Morphological engineering facilitates the preparation of different dimensional OEMs (including 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D OEMs) via bottom-up and top-down methods to enhance their electron/ion diffusion kinetics and stabilize their electrode structure. In summary, molecular and morphological engineering can offer practical paths for developing advanced OEMs that can be applied in next-generation rechargeable MIBs. Graphical abstract

In:SnO2/Yb2S3:Cu2S:ZnS: A Rare Earth Metal Sulfide‐Conjugated Transition Metal Sulfide Photoactive Electrode

“…[ 17,18 ] Due to their increased theoretical capacity and the presence of two or more valence metal constituent states, sulfur compounds frequently exhibit optimized capacitance. [ 19 ]…”

“…[17,18] Due to their increased theoretical capacity and the presence of two or more valence metal constituent states, sulfur compounds frequently exhibit optimized capacitance. [19] The optical transparency of rare earth materials increases because they can absorb UV radiation while blocking visible light. [20] Sporadic earth elements are utilized extensively in the fields of luminescent materials due to their small luminescence band spectrum, moderately occupied 4f and 5 d electric arrangements, and higher energy levels [21] laser crystals [22] and solar change medium.…”

Synthesis of In : SnO2/La4NiS7 via Diethyldithiocarbamate‐Assisted Spin Coating: A Promising Route for High‐Performance Transparent Photoelectrochemical Energy Storage and Generation

“…[12] Sulfur has very low electronegativity compared to oxygen, which encourages the creation of different nanostructures amid metal ions as well as extra species. [13] Because rare earths have the potential to retain UV rays whilst obstructing discernible light, their optical transparency is increased. [14] Owing to the greater energy planes, discreetly engaged the electric arrangements including 4f and 5d, as well as short luminescence band spectrum, elements belonging to the rare earth group are commonly used in domains of incandescent materials, laser crystals, as well as solar variation medium.…”

“…Additional potential pseudo‐capacitance options include Transition metal sulfides (TMS) are a distinct class of materials that differ from metal oxides due to their higher electrical conductivity, superior chemical resistance, and enhanced reduction oxidation kinetics [12] . Sulfur has very low electronegativity compared to oxygen, which encourages the creation of different nanostructures amid metal ions as well as extra species [13] …”

Synergetic Coupling of Redox‐Active Sites on Organic Electrode Material for Robust and High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Storage

“…One of the merits of OEMs is their diverse combination of groups and structures, which allows them to increase the specific capacity and cycling stability simultaneously through functional group modification [8d] . As one of the most promising emerging building units of OEMs, the hexaazatrinaphthalene (HATN) series OEMs display decreased solubility in organic liquid electrolytes due to their rigid, electron‐deficient and extended π‐conjugated structure, endowing batteries with good cycling stability [6,8c,9] .…”