Molecular approach and bacterial quality of drinking water of urban and rural communities in Egypt

Abo‐Amer, Aly E.; Soltan, El-Sayed M.; Abu‐Gharbia, Magdy A.

doi:10.1556/amicr.55.2008.3.3

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Most studies were from sub-Saharan Africa (31%) or Latin America (23%) ( Fig 2 ). Very few studies were conducted in rural (3%, n = 5) [ 42 , 56 , 102 , 120 , 134 ] or peri-urban settings (2%, n = 4) [ 161 , 170 , 185 , 200 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Fecal Contamination and Inadequate Treatment of Packaged Water

Williams¹,

Bain

Fisher³

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundPackaged water products provide an increasingly important source of water for consumption. However, recent studies raise concerns over their safety.ObjectivesTo assess the microbial safety of packaged water, examine differences between regions, country incomes, packaged water types, and compare packaged water with other water sources.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. Articles published in English, French, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish, with no date restrictions were identified from online databases and two previous reviews. Studies published before April 2014 that assessed packaged water for the presence of Escherichia coli, thermotolerant or total coliforms were included provided they tested at least ten samples or brands.ResultsA total of 170 studies were included in the review. The majority of studies did not detect fecal indicator bacteria in packaged water (78/141). Compared to packaged water from upper-middle and high-income countries, packaged water from low and lower-middle-income countries was 4.6 (95% CI: 2.6–8.1) and 13.6 (95% CI: 6.9–26.7) times more likely to contain fecal indicator bacteria and total coliforms, respectively. Compared to all other packaged water types, water from small bottles was less likely to be contaminated with fecal indicator bacteria (OR = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.17–0.58) and total coliforms (OR = 0.10, 95%CI: 0.05, 0.22). Packaged water was less likely to contain fecal indicator bacteria (OR = 0.35, 95%CI: 0.20, 0.62) compared to other water sources used for consumption.ConclusionsPolicymakers and regulators should recognize the potential benefits of packaged water in providing safer water for consumption at and away from home, especially for those who are otherwise unlikely to gain access to a reliable, safe water supply in the near future. To improve the quality of packaged water products they should be integrated into regulatory and monitoring frameworks.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Fecal Contamination and Inadequate Treatment of Packaged Water

Williams¹,

Bain

Fisher³

et al. 2015

PLoS ONE

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“…have all been detected in stored drinking water in LMICs. [78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85] Drinking water is likely an efficient route of transmission for rotavirus, norovirus, and Cryptosporidium spp. ; less so for ETEC, EPEC, and Shigella spp.…”

Section: Environmental Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle income countries

Julian

2016

Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts

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Every year, more than half a million children die due to diarrheal diseases. Recent studies have identified the most important etiologies of diarrheal disease are enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic E. coli, Shigella spp., rotavirus, norovirus and Cryptosporidium spp. These etiologies are unsurprisingly characterized by a combination of high shedding, high infectivity, and transmissibility through multiple environmental reservoirs. The relative importance of the transmission routes is likely site-specific. So the impact of interventions, which typically target only one or two environmental reservoirs, is likely also site-specific. The factors influencing the transmission routes most important for diarrheal disease are complex, including - at a minimum - etiology of endemic disease; and water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure and practices. The site-specific nature - and complexity of transmission - helps explain the observed variation in impacts of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions. It may also render efforts to estimate or quantify global means for interventions' impacts irrelevant. The theme of this Perspective is that greater reductions in diarrheal disease transmission in LMICs can be achieved by designing interventions to interrupt the most important environmental transmission pathways. Intervention choice should be informed by site-specific conditions, most notably: diarrheal etiology and existing water, sanitation, and hygiene infrastructure and practices. The theme is discussed through the lens of the characteristics of the most important diarrheal diseases (shedding, infectivity, growth, and persistence) and the general characteristics of environmental reservoirs (exposure pathways and fecal contamination). The discussion highlights when interventions - and combinations of interventions - will be most effective at reducing diarrheal disease burden.

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“…are the causative agents of acute diarrheal disease, shigellosis, with symptoms including abdominal cramps, watery or bloody diarrhea, and fever. Recent estimates represent diarrhea as the third-leading cause of infant mortality worldwide [1], and those most affected by shigellosis are children below the age of 5 [2][3][4]. There are four different Shigella spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protection against shigellosis caused by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 4 in guinea pigs using Escherichia albertii DM104 as a live vaccine candidate strain

Chowdhury

Rahman

Sarkar

et al. 2017

Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica

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Recently, we reported the induction of protective immunity by environmental Escherichia albertii strain DM104 against Shigella dysenteriae in guinea pig model. In this study, we assessed three different immunization routes, such as intranasal, oral, and intrarectal routes, and revealed differences in immune responses by measuring both the serum IgG and mucosal IgA antibody titers. Protective efficacy of different routes of immunization was also determined by challenging immunized guinea pigs against live S. dysenteriae. It was found that intranasal immunization showed promising results in terms of antibody response and protective efficacy. All these results reconfirm our previous findings and additionally point out that the intranasal immunization of the environmental E. albertii strain DM104 in guinea pig model can be a better live vaccine candidate against shigellosis.

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Molecular approach and bacterial quality of drinking water of urban and rural communities in Egypt

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Fecal Contamination and Inadequate Treatment of Packaged Water

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Fecal Contamination and Inadequate Treatment of Packaged Water

Environmental transmission of diarrheal pathogens in low and middle income countries

Protection against shigellosis caused by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 4 in guinea pigs using Escherichia albertii DM104 as a live vaccine candidate strain

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