Molecular architecture of tailed double-stranded DNA phages

Fokine, Andrei; Rossmann, Michael G.

doi:10.4161/bact.28281

Cited by 194 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 170 publications

(287 reference statements)

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“…The phages isolated in this study have a size within the range reported for Myoviridae which have icosahedral capsids with diameters larger than 80 nm and their tails are surrounded by a sheath that gives them their contractile nature. Other group of phages isolated in this study are similar to phages from the Syphoviridae having icosahedral heads with diameters ranging between 48 and 75 nm; their tails are long, flexible and noncontractile, their length varies from 110 to 300 nm [25,26] which coincide with our results. Therefore it is clear phages belonging to those families are present in our preparations.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Isolation of Lytic Bacteriophages for Nanobiocontrol of Pathogenic and Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella Present in Poultry in Ecuador

Quiroz¹,

Recalde²,

Arias³

et al. 2016

Biol Med (Aligarh)

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The genus Salmonella, as many others bacteria, has been frequently reported as resistant to commonly used antibiotics in poultry, therefore, the current spread of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria, raises doubts on the effectiveness of antibiotics in the future. One possible alternative to antibiotics is the use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents to control antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria. The main goal of this project was to isolate and use bacteriophages as a new, safe, and effective biocontrol method for treating infectious diseases caused by Salmonella entero-pathogena. Four lytic bacteriophages cocktails (PSEA-2, SSEA, PSIA-2, SSIA) were isolated from wastewater of poultry processing industries, to control Salmonella enterica subsp entérica serovar Enteritidis (SE), and Salmonella entérica subsp enterica serovar Infantis (SI), under laboratory conditions. We found the cocktails PSEA-2 and PSIA-2 specific for SE and SI while cocktails SSEA and SSIA also caused lysis in Pseudomona. The observations in the Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) revealed the presence of tailed phages of the Siphovididae and Myoviridae families; and a polyhedral phage. We have isolated specific phages and tested in vitro their effectiveness at controlling Salmonella. Further studies are needed in order to assess the phage effectiveness in vivo.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Isolation of Lytic Bacteriophages for Nanobiocontrol of Pathogenic and Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella Present in Poultry in Ecuador

Quiroz¹,

Recalde²,

Arias³

et al. 2016

Biol Med (Aligarh)

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“…As was observed with other myoviruses (24), three ArV1 gene products, the major head (gp09), tail sheath (gp15), and tail tube (gp16) proteins, are the main building blocks of the ArV1 virion (Fig. 4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Analysis of Arthrobacter Myovirus vB_ArtM-ArV1: We Blame It on the Tail

Kalinienė

Šimoliūnas

Truncaitė

et al. 2017

J Virol

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This is the first report on a myophage that infects Arthrobacter. A novel virus, vB_ArtM-ArV1 (ArV1), was isolated from soil using Arthrobacter sp. strain 68b for phage propagation. Transmission electron microscopy showed its resemblance to members of the family Myoviridae: ArV1 has an isometric head (ϳ74 nm in diameter) and a contractile, nonflexible tail (ϳ192 nm). Phylogenetic and comparative sequence analyses, however, revealed that ArV1 has more genes in common with phages from the family Siphoviridae than it does with any myovirus characterized to date. The genome of ArV1 is a linear, circularly permuted, double-stranded DNA molecule (71,200 bp) with a GC content of 61.6%. The genome includes 101 open reading frames (ORFs) yet contains no tRNA genes. More than 50% of ArV1 genes encode unique proteins that either have no reliable identity to database entries or have homologues only in Arthrobacter phages, both sipho-and myoviruses. Using bioinformatics approaches, 13 ArV1 structural genes were identified, including those coding for head, tail, tail fiber, and baseplate proteins. A further 6 ArV1 ORFs were annotated as encoding putative structural proteins based on the results of proteomic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on the alignment of four conserved virion proteins revealed that Arthrobacter myophages form a discrete clade that seems to occupy a position somewhat intermediate between myo-and siphoviruses. Thus, the data presented here will help to advance our understanding of genetic diversity and evolution of phages that constitute the order Caudovirales. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophages, which likely originated in the early Precambrian Era, represent the most numerous population on the planet. Approximately 95% of known phages are tailed viruses that comprise three families: Podoviridae (with short tails), Siphoviridae (with long noncontractile tails), and Myoviridae (with contractile tails). Based on the current hypothesis, myophages, which may have evolved from siphophages, are thought to have first emerged among Gram-negative bacteria, whereas they emerged only later among Gram-positive bacteria. The results of the molecular characterization of myophage vB_ArtM-ArV1 presented here conform to the aforementioned hypothesis, since, at a glance, bacteriophage vB_ArtM-ArV1 appears to be a siphovirus that possesses a seemingly functional contractile tail. Our work demonstrates that such "chimeric" myophages are of cosmopolitan nature and are likely characteristic of the ecologically important soil bacterial genus Arthrobacter.KEYWORDS Arthrobacter, Myoviridae, Siphoviridae, bacterial viruses, bacteriophage evolution, tailed viruses, vB_ArtM-ArV1

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“…The viral capsid plays a crucial role in retaining packaged DNA and regulating initiation of its release upon interaction with an appropriate host cell receptor (10,11). This step must be tightly controlled as premature ejection of the packaged genome results in loss of viral infectivity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Exploring the Balance between DNA Pressure and Capsid Stability in Herpesviruses and Phages

Bauer

Huffman

et al. 2015

J Virol

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We have recently shown in both herpesviruses and phages that packaged viral DNA creates a pressure of tens of atmospheres pushing against the interior capsid wall. For the first time, using differential scanning microcalorimetry, we directly measured the energy powering the release of pressurized DNA from the capsid. Furthermore, using a new calorimetric assay to accurately determine the temperature inducing DNA release, we found a direct influence of internal DNA pressure on the stability of the viral particle. We show that the balance of forces between the DNA pressure and capsid strength, required for DNA retention between rounds of infection, is conserved between evolutionarily diverse bacterial viruses (phages and P22), as well as a eukaryotic virus, human herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1). Our data also suggest that the portal vertex in these viruses is the weakest point in the overall capsid structure and presents the Achilles heel of the virus's stability. Comparison between these viral systems shows that viruses with higher DNA packing density (resulting in higher capsid pressure) have inherently stronger capsid structures, preventing spontaneous genome release prior to infection. This force balance is of key importance for viral survival and replication. Investigating the ways to disrupt this balance can lead to development of new mutation-resistant antivirals. IMPORTANCEA virus can generally be described as a nucleic acid genome contained within a protective protein shell, called the capsid. For many double-stranded DNA viruses, confinement of the large DNA molecule within the small protein capsid results in an energetically stressed DNA state exerting tens of atmospheres of pressures on the inner capsid wall. We show that stability of viral particles (which directly relates to infectivity) is strongly influenced by the state of the packaged genome. Using scanning calorimetry on a bacterial virus (phage ) as an experimental model system, we investigated the thermodynamics of genome release associated with destabilizing the viral particle. Furthermore, we compare the influence of tight genome confinement on the relative stability for diverse bacterial and eukaryotic viruses. These comparisons reveal an evolutionarily conserved force balance between the capsid stability and the density of the packaged genome.A virus can generally be described as a nucleic acid genome contained within a protective protein shell, termed the capsid. The viral replication cycle is composed of two distinct processes: delivery of the genetic material to the host (infection) and the subsequent production of new virions (replication). Between rounds of replication, the virion must be sufficiently stable to ensure that the packaged genome is retained within the capsid. Conversely, during infection it must be unstable enough to allow efficient genome release into the host cell. This balance between genome retention and release is described as viral metastability (1). Viral particles are therefore not inert structures and have not ...

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Molecular architecture of tailed double-stranded DNA phages

Cited by 194 publications

References 170 publications

Isolation of Lytic Bacteriophages for Nanobiocontrol of Pathogenic and Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella Present in Poultry in Ecuador

Isolation of Lytic Bacteriophages for Nanobiocontrol of Pathogenic and Antibiotic Resistant Salmonella Present in Poultry in Ecuador

Molecular Analysis of Arthrobacter Myovirus vB_ArtM-ArV1: We Blame It on the Tail

Exploring the Balance between DNA Pressure and Capsid Stability in Herpesviruses and Phages

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