Molecular Assemblies of Porphyrins and Macrocyclic Receptors: Recent Developments in Their Synthesis and Applications

Abstract

Metalloporphyrins which form the core of many bioenzymes and natural light harvesting or electron transport systems, exhibit a variety of selective functional properties depending on the state and surroundings with which they exist in biological systems. The specificity and ease with which they function in each of their bio-functions appear to be largely governed by the nature and disposition of the protein globule around the porphyrin reaction center. Synthetic porphyrin frameworks confined within or around a pre-organized molecular entity like the protein network in natural systems have attracted considerable attraction, especially in the field of biomimetic reactions. At the same time a large number of macrocyclic oligomers such as calixarenes, resorcinarenes, spherands, cyclodextrins and crown ethers have been investigated in detail as efficient molecular receptors. These molecular receptors are synthetic host molecules with enclosed interiors, which are designed three dimensionally to ensure strong and precise molecular encapsulation/recognition. Due to their complex structures, enclosed guest molecules reside in an environment isolated from the outside and as a consequence, physical properties and chemical reactions specific to that environment in these guest species can be identified. The facile incorporation of such molecular receptors into the highly photoactive and catalytically efficient porphyrin framework allows for convenient design of useful molecular systems with unique structural and functional properties. Such systems have provided over the years attractive model systems for the study of various biological and chemical processes, and the design of new materials and molecular devices. This review focuses on the recent developments in the synthesis of porphyrin assemblies associated with cyclodextrins, calixarenes and resorcinarenes and their potential applications in the fields of molecular encapsulation/recognition, and chemical catalysis.

Glycosylated Porphyrins, Phthalocyanines, and Other Porphyrinoids for Diagnostics and Therapeutics

“…Porphyrin–CD conjugates as supramolecular systems were reviewed. 210 Supramolecular chemistry is chemistry beyond the covalent bond; therefore, supramolecular systems result from the spontaneous association of molecules driven by intermolecular interactions. The covalent attachment of molecules into macromolecules does not result in supramolecular systems a priori.…”

“…These CD conjugates have good properties as PSs, and may be useful for constructing supramolecular systems for molecular recognition, with potential applications in optical sensing, 340 and in the construction of Pc-based nanostructured materials. 210,341,342 …”

Azacalixphyrin: The Hidden Porphyrin Cousin Brought to Light

“…[1,2] They are highly conjugated heterocyclic macrocycles composed of a 16-membered ring containing four nitrogen atoms and 4 n + 2 cyclically delocalized p electrons (4 n + 2 = 18) implying aromaticity according to the Hückels rule. [1,2] They are highly conjugated heterocyclic macrocycles composed of a 16-membered ring containing four nitrogen atoms and 4 n + 2 cyclically delocalized p electrons (4 n + 2 = 18) implying aromaticity according to the Hückels rule.…”

“…[1] Consequently, the access to a new isostructural (a 16membered macrocycle bearing four nitrogen atoms separated by three carbon atoms) and isoelectronic analogue (an aromaticity generated by 18 delocalized p electrons) is of interest. [1] Consequently, the access to a new isostructural (a 16membered macrocycle bearing four nitrogen atoms separated by three carbon atoms) and isoelectronic analogue (an aromaticity generated by 18 delocalized p electrons) is of interest.…”

Azacalixphyrin: The Hidden Porphyrin Cousin Brought to Light

“…The synthetic accessibility-based on a new strategy-is highly versatile because of the nature of the intermediates 7 and 8 for which substituents on the peripheral nitrogen atoms will be easily introduced and varied for tuning the properties of the macrocycles (solubility, geometry, donor/acceptor capability). [1] Received: February 11, 2013Revised: April 2, 2013 . As they are NIR-absorbing organic materials with a very low gap (E g = 1.01 eV), the potential applications of these new macrocycles are diverse and extensive in many technological sectors.…”