Molecular Basis of Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses: A Comparative Genomics Approach to Planetary Health to Prevent Zoonotic Outbreaks in the 21st Century

Asrani, Purva; Hasan, Gulam Mustafa; Sohal, Sukhwinder Singh; Hassan, Md. Imtaiyaz

doi:10.1089/omi.2020.0131

Cited by 44 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…A novel coronavirus emerged at the end of 2019, the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has since consumed the planet, with the cruel development of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some [ 1 , 2 ]. This virus has resulted in one of the deadliest human pandemics in modern history [ 3 ]. As of the 26th of February 2021, 112,649,371 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 2,501,229 confirmed deaths had been recorded worldwide [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Is Cytotoxic and Increases ACE2 Expression on Human Airway Epithelial Cells: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

McAlinden

Ferdowsi

et al. 2021

JCM

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Tobacco smoking has emerged as a risk factor for increasing the susceptibility to infection from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via increased expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) in the lung, linked to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) development. Given the modifiable nature of electronic cigarettes and the delivery of high concentrations of nicotine, we investigate whether electronic cigarette vaping has the potential to increase susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection. We exposed BEAS-2B cells (bronchial epithelium transformed with Ad12-SV40 2B) and primary small airway epithelial cells (SAECs) to electronic cigarette aerosol condensates produced from propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin or commercially bought e-liquid (±added nicotine) and cigarette smoke extract to investigate if electronic cigarette exposure, like cigarette smoke, increases the expression of ACE2 in lung epithelial cells. In BEAS-2B cells, cytotoxicity (CCK-8), membrane integrity (LDH), and ACE2 protein expression (immunofluorescence) were measured for both 4- and 24 h treatments in BEAS-2B cells and 4 h in SAECs; ACE2 gene expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for 4 h treatment in BEAS-2B cells. Nicotine-free condensates and higher concentrations of nicotine-containing condensates were cytotoxic to BEAS-2B cells. Higher LDH release and reduced membrane integrity were seen in BEAS-2B cells treated for 24 h with higher concentrations of nicotine-containing condensates. ACE2 protein expression was observably increased in all treatments compared to cell controls, particularly for 24 h exposures. ACE2 gene expression was significantly increased in cells exposed to the locally bought e-liquid condensate with high nicotine concentration and cigarette smoke extract compared with cell controls. Our study suggests that vaping alone and smoking alone can result in an increase in lung ACE2 expression. Vaping and smoking are avoidable risk factors for COVID-19, which, if avoided, could help reduce the number of COVID-19 cases and the severity of the disease. This is the first study to utilize electronic cigarette aerosol condensates, novel and developed in our laboratory, for investigating ACE2 expression in human airway epithelial cells.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Is Cytotoxic and Increases ACE2 Expression on Human Airway Epithelial Cells: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

McAlinden

Ferdowsi

et al. 2021

JCM

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“…α- and β-affect mammals while γ-CoVs infect avian species and δ-CoVs mammals as well as aves. In the past, six CoVs species had the potential to cause human diseases however, in immune-competent individuals, four of these six can only cause common cold [ 4 , 5 ]. The other two species were severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 is also initiated by zoonotic transmission as were SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 is very fatal as it is transferred among humans through sneezing and making contacts [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential drug targets of SARS-CoV-2: From genomics to therapeutics

Shamsi

Mohammad

Anwar

et al. 2021

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

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The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from China has become a global threat due to the continuous rise in cases of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The problem with COVID-19 therapeutics is due to complexity of the mechanism of the pathogenesis of this virus. In this review, an extensive analysis of genome architecture and mode of pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 with an emphasis on therapeutic approaches is performed. SARS-CoV-2 genome consists of a single, ~29.9 kb long RNA having significant sequence similarity to BAT-CoV, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV genome. Two-third part of SARS-Cov-2 genome comprises of ORF ( ORF1ab ) resulting in the formation of 2 polyproteins, pp1a and pp1ab, later processed into 16 smaller non-structural proteins (NSPs). The four major structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are the spike surface glycoprotein (S), a small envelope (E), membrane (M), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. S protein helps in receptor binding and membrane fusion and hence plays the most important role in the transmission of CoVs. Priming of S protein is done by serine 2 transmembrane protease and thus plays a key role in virus and host cell fusion. This review highlights the possible mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 to search for possible therapeutic options.

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“…10 In Table 1 , we have described social, clinical, and characteristic features including epidemiology of COVID-19 which would be helpful to have first insight into the pathophysiology of disease. 11 , 12 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines and Safety Considerations in the Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Prerequisite Study for Health Professionals

Asrani¹,

Hussain²,

Nasreen³

et al. 2021

RMHP

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging challenging area for the researchers to buckle up against the spread and control of the virus. Since earlier times, the diagnosis has been an important procedure in estimating the fate of epidemics by indicating the extent to which disease has been spread and to the extent, further disease prognosis would occur. The absence of anti-viral therapies and vaccines for COVID-19 at present suggests early diagnosis and isolation of the patients as the only smart approach available as of now. Presently, the increasing death rates, faster rates of transmission, non-availability of vaccines, and treatment have over-pressurized the researchers, health professionals, and government officials to develop effective clinical strategies in diagnosis and to come up with guidelines to be followed during conduction of each diagnostic procedure for maintaining healthcare systems. Since the incubation period of this virus is 2–14 days, a patient can transmit the infection without showing symptoms. Therefore, early diagnosis and isolation of susceptible individuals are the only way to limit the spread of the virus. Significance of diagnosis and triaging, information on specimen collection, safety considerations while handling, transport, and storage of samples have been highlighted in this paper to make people more aware and develop better clinical strategies in the future.

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Molecular Basis of Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses: A Comparative Genomics Approach to Planetary Health to Prevent Zoonotic Outbreaks in the 21st Century

Cited by 44 publications

References 99 publications

Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Is Cytotoxic and Increases ACE2 Expression on Human Airway Epithelial Cells: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Is Cytotoxic and Increases ACE2 Expression on Human Airway Epithelial Cells: Implications for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)

Potential drug targets of SARS-CoV-2: From genomics to therapeutics

Guidelines and Safety Considerations in the Laboratory Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Prerequisite Study for Health Professionals

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