“…Precise control over probe immobilization on AgNPs ensures specific binding with target miRNAs, reducing false positives. 190 Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offer tunable porosity, enabling selective miRNA capture and immobilization, while the encapsulation of guest molecules in MOFs further enhances biosensor specificity. 124,191 DNA-based sensors, such as DNA nanostructures and nanomachines, excel in molecular recognition and amplification, ensuring precise and specific binding with target miRNAs.…”