Molecular Changes in Prepubertal Left Ventricular Development Under Experimental Volume Overload

Abstract

Graphical AbstractA prepubertal LV VO mouse model was first established. VO has an important influence on LV maturation and development, especially in cardiac conduction, suggesting the requirement of an early correction of AR in pediatric patients.

Volume overload impedes the maturation of sarcomeres and T-tubules in the right atria: a potential cause of atrial arrhythmia following delayed atrial septal defect closure

“…The ACF and tricuspid valve flow were analyzed using a Vevo 3100 Imaging System (VisualSonics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) with a pulse-wave mode, as described in previous publications ( Sun et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ).…”

“…In situ T-tubule imaging and AutoTT analysis were performed as described previously ( Sun et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ). Intact mice hearts were Langendorff-perfused with Tyrode’s solution containing 2.5 μM of FM 4-64 (Invitrogen™, Paisley, UK) for 20 min.…”

“…Sarcomere imaging was performed as described in previous publications ( Sun et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ). RA cardiomyocytes were isolated using a Langendorff perfusion system, then fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 10 min, permeated with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 15 min, stained with sarcomeric α-actinin (SAA, 1:200 dilution, Abcam) overnight at 4°C, imaged using a confocal microscope with a ×60 objective, and finally analyzed using AutoTT.…”

“…First, the method for neonatal anesthesia is ice cooling, which requires that the operation time on the neonatal mice should not exceed 15 min ( Cui et al, 2021 ; Zhou et al, 2022 ). Second, the extremely small size of neonatal mouse hearts requires advanced microsurgical skills ( Sun et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ). In the past, cardiac VO models were reported only in adult mice or large animals, and there were no neonatal mouse cardiac VO models ( Sun et al, 2019 ; Cui et al, 2021 ; Sun et al, 2021 ; Zhou et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ; Zhou et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Second, the extremely small size of neonatal mouse hearts requires advanced microsurgical skills ( Sun et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ). In the past, cardiac VO models were reported only in adult mice or large animals, and there were no neonatal mouse cardiac VO models ( Sun et al, 2019 ; Cui et al, 2021 ; Sun et al, 2021 ; Zhou et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ; Zhou et al, 2022 ). Recently, we used neonatal aortocaval fistula (ACF) surgery to increase the amount of blood returning to the heart ( Sun et al, 2019 ; Cui et al, 2021 ; Sun et al, 2021 ; Zhou et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ; Zhou et al, 2022 ), as ACF has been confirmed to produce ventricular VO ( Sun et al, 2019 ; Cui et al, 2021 ; Sun et al, 2021 ; Zhou et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ; Zhou et al, 2022 ).…”