Molecular characteristics of a novel recombinant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Nefedeva, Mariia; Titov, Ilya; Malogolovkin, Alexander

doi:10.1007/s00705-019-04166-4

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, a recent study showed that two Chinese PDCoV strains respectively, based on a phylogenetic analysis of the S gene (Mai et al, 2018). This finding indicates that recombination between different PDCoV strains might occur in the field, which is indeed worthy of our attention, because this phenomenon has already been confirmed to exist in PEDV (Boniotti et al, 2016;Nefedeva et al, 2019;Wang et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A strain of porcine deltacoronavirus: Genomic characterization, pathogenicity and its full‐length cDNA infectious clone

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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As a novel enteropathogenic coronavirus, porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) warrants further investigation. In this study, a Chinese PDCoV strain, designated CHN-HN-1601, was isolated from the faeces of a diarrhoeic piglet. After plaque purification, the genome was determined which shared 97.5%-99.5% nucleotide identities with 71 representative PDCoV strains available in the GenBank. The pathogenic properties of CHN-HN-1601 were evaluated using 5-day-old piglets. All inoculated piglets developed severe diarrhoea from 2 days post-infection (dpi) onwards. To our surprise, two periods of diarrhoea starting from 2 to 7 dpi and from 13 to 19 dpi were observed in affected piglets during the experiment. Faecal viral shedding of the inoculated piglets was detected by real-time RT-PCR, with viral shedding peaked at 4 and 16 dpi, respectively. At necropsy at 5 dpi, the main gross lesions included transparent, thin-walled and gas-distended intestines containing yellow watery contents.Further histopathological examinations, including haematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemistry and RNAscope in situ hybridization, revealed that the virus infection caused severe villous atrophy of the small intestines, with PDCoV antigen and RNA mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of the villous epithelial cells of jejunum and ileum in piglets. The dynamic production of PDCoV-specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies in serum of the affected piglets was also assessed using a whole virus-based ELISA and an immunofluorescence assay-based neutralization test, respectively. Furthermore, a full-length cDNA infectious clone of CHN-HN-1601 was constructed using a bacterial artificial chromosome system. The rescued virus exhibited in vitro growth and pathogenic properties similar to the parental virus. Taken together, our study not only enriches the information of PDCoV, but also provides a useful reverse genetics platform for further pathogenesis exploration of the virus.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A strain of porcine deltacoronavirus: Genomic characterization, pathogenicity and its full‐length cDNA infectious clone

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2020

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…Recombination events have been reported in animal and human coronaviruses, such as PEDV and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), these viruses have a history of recombination with other lineages of coronavirus [51,52]. Su S et al posit that the large genome and multiple host species were major factors for the high rate of recombination events, which can alter tissue tropism, transmission routes, and host specificity [53].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Pathogenicity of the Porcine Deltacoronavirus Isolated in Southwest China

Zhao

et al. 2019

Viruses

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Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a newly emerging enteric pathogen in swine that causes diarrhea in neonatal piglets and creates an additional economic burden on porcine industries in Asia and North America. In this study, a PDCoV isolate, CHN-SC2015, was isolated from Sichuan Province in southwest China. The isolate was characterized by a cytopathic effect, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy. CHN-SC2015 titers in LLC-PK cells ranged from 104.31 to 108.22 TCID50/mL during the first 30 passages. During serial passage, 11 nucleotide mutations occurred in the S gene, resulting in nine amino acid changes. A whole genome sequencing analysis demonstrated that CHN-SC2015 shares 97.5%–99.1% identity with 59 reference strains in GenBank. Furthermore, CHN-SC2015 contained 6-nt deletion and 9-nt insertion in the ORF1ab gene, 3-nt deletion in the S gene and 11-nt deletion in its 3′UTR compared with other reference strains available in GenBank. A phylogenetic analysis showed that CHN-SC2015 is more closely related to other PDCoV strains in China than to the strains from Southeast Asia, USA, Japan, and South Korea, indicating the diversity of genetic relationships and regional and epidemic characteristics among these strains. A recombination analysis indicated that CHN-SC2015 experienced recombination events between SHJS/SL/2016 and TT-1115. In vivo infection demonstrated that CHN-SC2015 is highly pathogenic to sucking piglets, causing diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and death. Virus was shed daily in the feces of infected piglets and upon necropsy, was found distributed in the gastrointestinal tract and in multiple organs. CHN-SC2015 is the first systematically characterized strain from southwest China hitherto reported. Our results enrich the body of information on the epidemiology, pathogenicity and molecular evolution associated with PDCoV.

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“…2016 ; Chen et al. 2017 ; Nefedeva, Titov, and Malogolovkin 2019 ). Here, we report a new high pathogenic recombinant strain, CN/Liaoning25/2018, resulting from the recombination of the S gene from the high pathogenic CN/GDZQ/2014 strain with the remaining genes of the low pathogenic attenuated vaccine SQ2014 strain ( Song et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are two patterns of recombination within and between different virus subgroups/species. In one pattern, PEDV recombines with other coronaviruses, such as the chimeric virus SeCoV/GER/L00930/2012 the Italy/213306/2009 strain or PEDV/Belgorod/dom/2008 ( Nefedeva, Titov, and Malogolovkin 2019 ), a recombinant form of PEDV and porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). The other recombination pattern involves the recombination of PEDV with different PEDV strains, including recombination of different pathogenic strains from the same or different subgroups.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence and evolution of highly pathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by natural recombination of a low pathogenic vaccine isolate and a highly pathogenic strain in the spike gene

et al. 2020

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Abstract Outbreaks of a new variant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) at the end of 2010 have raised interest in the mutation and recombination of PEDV. A PEDV strain (CN/Liaoning25/2018) isolated from a clinical outbreak of piglet diarrhea contained a 49 bp deletion in the ORF3 gene. This deletion is considered a genetic characteristic of low pathogenic attenuated vaccine strains. However, CN/Liaoning25/2018 was highly pathogenic. Complete genome sequencing, identity analysis, phylogenetic tree construction, and recombination analysis showed that this virus was a recombinant strain containing the Spike (S) gene from the highly pathogenic CN/GDZQ/2014 strain and the remaining genomic regions from the low pathogenic vaccine isolate SQ2014. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry results confirmed that this strain was highly pathogenic and indicated that intestinal epithelial cell vacuolation was positively correlated with the intensity and density of PEDV antigens. A new natural recombination model for PEDV was identified. Our results suggest that new highly pathogenic recombinant strains in the field may be generated by recombination between low pathogenic attenuated live PEDV vaccines and pathogenic circulating PEDV strains. Our findings also highlight that the 49 bp deletion of the ORF3 gene in low pathogenic attenuated vaccine strains will no longer be a reliable standard to differentiate the classical vaccine attenuated from the field strains.

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Molecular characteristics of a novel recombinant of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

A strain of porcine deltacoronavirus: Genomic characterization, pathogenicity and its full‐length cDNA infectious clone

A strain of porcine deltacoronavirus: Genomic characterization, pathogenicity and its full‐length cDNA infectious clone

Characterization and Pathogenicity of the Porcine Deltacoronavirus Isolated in Southwest China

Emergence and evolution of highly pathogenic porcine epidemic diarrhea virus by natural recombination of a low pathogenic vaccine isolate and a highly pathogenic strain in the spike gene

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