Molecular characteristics of glutathione transferase gene family in a neglect medical Spirometra tapeworm

Abstract

The Spirometra mansoni is a neglect medical tapeworm, its plerocercoid larvae can parasitize in humans and animals, causing sparganosis. In this study, 17 new members of the glutathione transferase (GST) family were sequenced and characterized in S. mansoni. Clustering analysis displayed the categorization of SmGSTs into two main clades. RT-qPCR illustrated that 7 GST genes were highly expressed in the plerocercoid stage while 8 GSTs were highly expressed in the adult. rSmGST has the typical C- and N-terminal double domains of glutathione transferase. Immunolocalization revealed that natural SmGST is mainly located in the epidermis and parenchyma of plerocercoid, and in the epidermis, parenchyma, uterus and egg shell of adult worm. The optimum activity for rSmGST was found to be pH 6.5 and 25°C. The evolutionary tree showed a high level of diversity of cestodes GSTs. SmGSTs contained both conserved family members and members in the process of further diversification. The findings in this study will lay a foundation to better explore the underlying mechanisms of GSTs involved in Spirometra tapeworms.

Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of plerocercoid and adult Spirometra mansoni reveal potential important pathways in the development of the medical tapeworm

“…The COG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the largest three groups (36% of the DEPs) were associated with "general function prediction only", "translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis" and "posttranslation modification, protein turnover, chaperones", such as serine/threonine protein phosphatase, arginyl-tRNA synthetase and glutathione transferase. These pathways may be related to parasite growth and development and contribute to their response to stress [ 40 – 42 ]. KEGG pathway analysis is generally used to capture the systematic properties of the inner activities of cells as reference information for the integration and interpretation of high-throughput proteomics datasets [ 43 , 44 ].…”

“…The enzyme phosphomannomutase catalyses the interconversion of mannose-1-phosphate (Man-1-P) and mannose-6-phosphate (Man-6-P) and is an essential step in mannose activation and the biosynthesis of glycoconjugates in all eukaryotes [ 50 ]. Glutathione transferases are multifunctional proteins that can protect the cell against exogenously derived compounds (xenobiotics) and toxic endogenously derived compounds by catalysing their conjugation with glutathione (GSH), including secondary products of lipid peroxidation [ 42 ]. In addition, several GSH transferases can be used as intracellular transport proteins for a number of ligands [ 42 , 51 ].…”

Molecular Characteristics of the Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein (FABP) Family in Spirometra mansoni―A Neglected Medical Tapeworm

“…GAPDH (GenBank No. AB031067) served as the internal control [ 9 ]. Relative expression was calculated using the ΔΔCT method [ 36 ].…”

“…The real-time PCR program was 95 • C/30 s, then 40 cycles as follows: 3 s at 95 • C and 30 s at 60 • C. GAPDH (GenBank No. AB031067) served as the internal control [9]. Relative expression was calculated using the ∆∆CT method [36].…”

“…Complicated mechanisms and interactions of plerocercoids with the host during infection are the causes of serious pathological changes that lead to a fatal outcome. Understanding the intricacies of the parasite and its interactions with hosts is central to developing intervention strategies [ 9 ]. Several molecules have been implicated in interference with the host response, such as fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPs) [ 4 , 10 , 11 ].…”