Molecular characterization and specific detection of Anaplasma species (AP-sd) in sika deer and its first detection in wild brown bears and rodents in Hokkaido, Japan

Moustafa, Mohamed Abdallah Mohamed; Lee, Kyunglee; Taylor, Kyle R.; Sashika, Mariko; Shimozuru, Michito; Tsubota, Toshio

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.027

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In Japan, Anaplasma sp. (AP-sd), previously reported in ticks, cattle, sika deer ( Cervus nippon yesoensis ) and rodents, was detected in wild Hokkaido brown bears ( Ursus arctos yesoensis ) (15%) ( 41 ).…”

Section: Molecular Prevalence and Diversity Of Tick-borne Anaplasmatamentioning

confidence: 77%

Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

André

2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Recently, the incidence and awareness of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals have increased due to several factors, which in association favor the chances of contact among wild animals and their ectoparasites, domestic animals and humans. Wild and domestic carnivores are considered the primary source of tick-borne zoonotic agents to humans. Among emergent tick-borne pathogens, agents belonging to family Anaplasmataceae (Order Rickettsiales) agents stand out due their worldwide distribution and zoonotic potential. In this review we aimed to review the genetic diversity of the tick-transmitted genera Ehrlichia, Anaplasma and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.” in wild carnivores Caniformia (Canidae, Mustelidae and Ursidae) and Feliformia (Felidae, Hyanidae, Procyonidae and Viverridae) worldwide, discussing the implications for human and domestic animal health and wildlife conservation. Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have been identified as hosts for Anaplasma spp. (A. phagocytophilum, Anaplasma ovis, A. platys), Ehrlichia canis and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.” (FU98 strain) and may contribute to the maintaenance of A. phagocytophilum in Europe. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) have been reported as hosts for E. canis, A. bovis, “Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris” and A. phagocytophilum, and play a role in the maintenance of A. phagocytophilum in the USA. Raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) may play a role as hosts for A. bovis and A. phagocytophilum. New Ehrlichia and/or Anaplasma genotypes circulate in wild canids and felids from South America and Africa. While Ehrlichia sp. closely related to E. canis has been reported in wild felids from Brazil and Japan, Anaplasma sp. closely related to A. phagocytophilum has been detected in wild felids from Brazil and Africa. Red foxes and mustelids (otters) are exposed to E. canis in countries located in the Mediaterranean basin, probably as a consequence of spillover from domestic dogs. Similarly, E. canis occurs in procyonids in North (raccoons in USA, Spain) and South (Nasua nasua in Brazil) Hemispheres, in areas where E. canis is frequent in dogs. While “Candidatus Neoehrlichia lotoris” seems to be a common and specific agent of raccoons in the USA, “Candidatus Neoehrlichia sp.” (FU98 strain) seems to show a broader range of hosts, since it has been detected in red fox, golden jackal (Canis aureus) and badger (Meles meles) in Europe so far. Brown (Ursus arctos) and black (Ursus americanus) bears seem to play a role as hosts for A. phagocytophilum in the North Hemisphere. Anaplasma bovis has been detected in wild Procyonidae, Canidae and Felidae in Asia and Brazil. In order to assess the real identity of the involved agents, future works should benefit from the application of MLST (Multi Locus Sequence Typing), WGS (Whole Genome Sequencing) and NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) technologies aiming at shedding some light on the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of Anaplasmataceae agents.

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Section: Molecular Prevalence and Diversity Of Tick-borne Anaplasmatamentioning

confidence: 77%

Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

André

2018

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Phylogenetic studies on isolates of sika deer from Japan, which were earlier identified as A. phagocytophilum, have later demonstrated them to be distinct from A. phagocytophilum [34]. The respective Anaplasma was named AP-sd and was found with prevalences up to 51% in sika deer in Japan [35]. In Europe, A. phagocytophilum was previously detected in the blood of 11 of 32 farmed sika deer in Poland [36] and 6 of 12 sika deer from the New Forest, UK [30].…”

Section: Anaplasma Phagocytophilummentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia Species of Sympatric Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), Fallow Deer (Dama dama), Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Germany

et al. 2020

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(1) Background: Wild cervids play an important role in transmission cycles of tick-borne pathogens; however, investigations of tick-borne pathogens in sika deer in Germany are lacking. (2) Methods: Spleen tissue of 74 sympatric wild cervids (30 roe deer, 7 fallow deer, 22 sika deer, 15 red deer) and of 27 red deer from a farm from southeastern Germany were analyzed by molecular methods for the presence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia species. (3) Results: Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia DNA was demonstrated in 90.5% and 47.3% of the 74 combined wild cervids and 14.8% and 18.5% of the farmed deer, respectively. Twelve 16S rRNA variants of A. phagocytophilum were delineated. While the infection rate for A. phagocytophilum among the four cervid species was similar (71.4% to 100%), it varied significantly for Babesia between roe deer (73.3%), fallow deer (14.3%), sika deer (27.3%) and red deer (40.0%). Deer ≤2 years of age tested significantly more often positive than the older deer for both A. phagocytophilum and Babesia species. (4) Conclusions: This study confirms the widespread occurrence of A. phagocytophilum and Babesia species in wild cervids and farmed red deer in Germany and documents the co-occurrence of the two tick-borne pathogens in free-ranging sika deer.

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“…Detection of a potentially novel Anaplasma species detected from ticks and deer with diverse p44/msp2 gene sequences were also reported in several studies [57,76-78]. Based on the results of these studies, it may represent a new species because of its low sequences similarities with the citrate synthase ( gltA ), heat shock operon ( groESL ) and 16S rRNA genes, and the results using several methods of phylogenetic analysis [12,49,57,75]. To further validate the novelty, additional characterization using the ftsZ and p44/msp2 gene can be performed [75,79].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…closely related to A. phagocytophilum was detected [12]. It is also reported as “AP-sd” in wild brown bears and rodents in Hokkaido, Japan [75]. Several past studies have reported its detection as A. phagocytophilum despite low sequence similarities, including that of Wu et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the results of these studies, it may represent a new species because of its low sequences similarities with the citrate synthase ( gltA ), heat shock operon ( groESL ) and 16S rRNA genes, and the results using several methods of phylogenetic analysis [12,49,57,75]. To further validate the novelty, additional characterization using the ftsZ and p44/msp2 gene can be performed [75,79]. On the other hand, molecular methods have been developed to detect this species based on the gltA [13] and grOESL genes [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anaplasma species of veterinary importance in Japan

Ybañez

Inokuma

2016

Vet World

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Anaplasma species of the family Anaplasmataceae, order Rickettsiales are tick-borne organisms that can cause disease in animals and humans. In Japan, all recognized species of Anaplasma (except for Anaplasma ovis) and a potentially novel Anaplasma sp. closely related to Anaplasma phagocytophilum have been reported. Most of these detected tick-borne pathogens are believed to be lowly pathogenic in animals in Japan although the zoonotic A. phagocytophilum has recently been reported to cause clinical signs in a dog and in humans. This review documents the studies and reports about Anaplasma spp. in Japan.

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Molecular characterization and specific detection of Anaplasma species (AP-sd) in sika deer and its first detection in wild brown bears and rodents in Hokkaido, Japan

Cited by 14 publications

References 26 publications

Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

Diversity of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia/Neoehrlichia Agents in Terrestrial Wild Carnivores Worldwide: Implications for Human and Domestic Animal Health and Wildlife Conservation

Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia Species of Sympatric Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), Fallow Deer (Dama dama), Sika Deer (Cervus nippon) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in Germany

Anaplasma species of veterinary importance in Japan

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