Molecular Characterization of a Carbon Transporter in Plastids from Heterotrophic Tissues: The Glucose 6-Phosphate/Phosphate Antiporter

Kammerer, Birgit; Fischer, Karsten; Hilpert, Bettina; Schubert, Sabine; Gutensohn, Michael; Weber, Andreas; Flügge, Ulf‐Ingo

doi:10.2307/3870632

Cited by 69 publications

(100 citation statements)

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“…The membrane pellet was frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at À80°C until reconstitution. Reconstitution of membranes into liposomes and transport experiments were carried out as described previously (Flu¨gge and Weber, 1994;Kammerer et al, 1998).…”

Section: Reconstitution Of Phosphate Translocatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EST-analysis of the thermo-acidophilic red microalga Galdieriasulphuraria reveals potential for lipid A biosynthesis and unveils the pathway of carbon export from rhodoplasts

et al. 2004

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When we think of extremophiles, organisms adapted to extreme environments, prokaryotes come to mind first. However, the unicellular red micro-alga Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiales) is a eukaryote that can represent up to 90% of the biomass in extreme habitats such as hot sulfur springs with pH values of 0-4 and temperatures of up to 56°C. This red alga thrives autotrophically as well as heterotrophically on more than 50 different carbon sources, including a number of rare sugars and sugar alcohols. This biochemical versatility suggests a large repertoire of metabolic enzymes, rivaled by few organisms and a potentially rich source of thermo-stable enzymes for biotechnology. The temperatures under which this organism carries out photosynthesis are at the high end of the range for this process, making G. sulphuraria a valuable model for physical studies on the photosynthetic apparatus. In addition, the gene sequences of this living fossil reveal much about the evolution of modern eukaryotes. Finally, the alga tolerates high concentrations of toxic metal ions such as cadmium, mercury, aluminum, and nickel, suggesting potential application in bioremediation. To begin to explore the unique biology of G. sulphuraria, 5270 expressed sequence tags from two different cDNA libraries have been sequenced and annotated. Particular emphasis has been placed on the reconstruction of metabolic pathways present in this organism. For example, we provide evidence for (i) a complete pathway for lipid A biosynthesis; (ii) export of triose-phosphates from rhodoplasts; (iii) and absence of eukaryotic hexokinases. Sequence data and additional information are available at http://genomics.msu.edu/galdieria.

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Section: Reconstitution Of Phosphate Translocatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EST-analysis of the thermo-acidophilic red microalga Galdieriasulphuraria reveals potential for lipid A biosynthesis and unveils the pathway of carbon export from rhodoplasts

et al. 2004

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“…Among the characterized translocators, the two GPT proteins are the least substrate specific, although glucose 6‐phosphate (G6P) is the favoured substrate (Kammerer et al . 1998; Eicks et al . 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acclimation of metabolism to light in Arabidopsis thaliana: the glucose 6‐phosphate/phosphate translocator GPT2 directs metabolic acclimation

Dyson

Allwood

Feil

et al. 2015

Plant Cell & Environment

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Mature leaves of plants transferred from low to high light typically increase their photosynthetic capacity. In A rabidopsis thaliana, this dynamic acclimation requires expression of GPT2, a glucose 6‐phosphate/phosphate translocator. Here, we examine the impact of GPT2 on leaf metabolism and photosynthesis. Plants of wild type and of a GPT2 knockout (gpt2.2) grown under low light achieved the same photosynthetic rate despite having different metabolic and transcriptomic strategies. Immediately upon transfer to high light, gpt2.2 plants showed a higher rate of photosynthesis than wild‐type plants (35%); however, over subsequent days, wild‐type plants acclimated photosynthetic capacity, increasing the photosynthesis rate by 100% after 7 d. Wild‐type plants accumulated more starch than gpt2.2 plants throughout acclimation. We suggest that GPT2 activity results in the net import of glucose 6‐phosphate from cytosol to chloroplast, increasing starch synthesis. There was clear acclimation of metabolism, with short‐term changes typically being reversed as plants acclimated. Distinct responses to light were observed in wild‐type and gpt2.2 leaves. Significantly higher levels of sugar phosphates were observed in gpt2.2. We suggest that GPT2 alters the distribution of metabolites between compartments and that this plays an essential role in allowing the cell to interpret environmental signals.

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“…Among the differentially expressed genes were Glc-6-phosphate/phosphate translocator (GPT) and phosphoenolpyruvate/ phosphate translocator (PPT). GPT was shown previously to be highly expressed in developing maize (Zea mays) kernel and potato (Solanum tuberosum) tuber (Kammerer et al, 1998) and the ESTs of GPT were abundant in the Arabidopsis developing seed EST database . In agreement with these observations, GPT had higher EST abundance in the "seeds" library pool than the reference at P Ͻ 0.004.…”

Section: Digital Mrna Expression Profilementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plastid envelopes contain protein transport machinery (Schnell, 1995;Cline and Henry, 1996;Heins et al, 1998), and are a major site for membrane biogenesis. Metabolite transporters from chloroplast and/or nongreen plastids accommodate the requirements of the different photosynthetic or heterotrophic tissues (Kammerer et al, 1998;Neuhaus and Emes, 2000). Membrane constituents (glycerolipids, pigments, and prenylquinones) are synthesized on the envelope membrane as well as the porphyrin ring and phytyl chain used in chlorophyll synthesis, and the enzymes required for chlorophyll breakdown in senescing plastids (for review, see Joyard et al, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Predicted Candidates of Arabidopsis Plastid Inner Envelope Membrane Proteins and Their Expression Profiles,

Koo

Ohlrogge

2002

Plant Physiology

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Plastid envelope proteins from the Arabidopsis nuclear genome were predicted using computational methods. Selection criteria were: first, to find proteins with NH 2 -terminal plastid-targeting peptides from all annotated open reading frames from Arabidopsis; second, to search for proteins with membrane-spanning domains among the predicted plastidial-targeted proteins; and third, to subtract known thylakoid membrane proteins. Five hundred forty-one proteins were selected as potential candidates of the Arabidopsis plastid inner envelope membrane proteins (AtPEM candidates). Only 34% (183) of the AtPEM candidates could be assigned to putative functions based on sequence similarity to proteins of known function (compared with the 69% function assignment of the total predicted proteins in the genome). Of the 183 candidates with assigned functions, 40% were classified in the category of "transport facilitation," indicating that this collection is highly enriched in membrane transporters. Information on the predicted proteins, tissue expression data from expressed sequence tags and microarrays, and publicly available T-DNA insertion lines were collected. The data set complements proteomic-based efforts in the increased detection of integral membrane proteins, low-abundance proteins, or those not expressed in tissues selected for proteomic analysis. Digital northern analysis of expressed sequence tags suggested that the transcript levels of most AtPEM candidates were relatively constant among different tissues in contrast to stroma and the thylakoid proteins. However, both digital northern and microarray analyses identified a number of AtPEM candidates with tissue-specific expression patterns.Plastids exist in a wide range of differential forms, including proplastids, chloroplasts, etioplasts, amyloplasts, leucoplasts, and chromoplasts, depending on the developmental stage and function of the plant cells in which they reside. To a large extent, the types of plastids that are carried by cells determine the metabolic function and products of the particular plant tissue (Kirk and Tilney-Bassett, 1978).One constant feature among the various types of plastids is the double membrane envelope structure that surrounds the organelle. The envelope, especially the inner envelope, effectively separates plastid metabolism from that of the cytosol. At the same time, almost all carbon and a major flux of other metabolites, various polypeptides, and signals must move through the envelope to coordinate and integrate metabolism with the entire cell. Plastid envelopes contain protein transport machinery (Schnell, 1995;Cline and Henry, 1996;Heins et al., 1998), and are a major site for membrane biogenesis. Metabolite transporters from chloroplast and/or nongreen plastids accommodate the requirements of the different photosynthetic or heterotrophic tissues (Kammerer et al., 1998;Neuhaus and Emes, 2000). Membrane constituents (glycerolipids, pigments, and prenylquinones) are synthesized on the envelope membrane as well as the porphyrin ring ...

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Molecular Characterization of a Carbon Transporter in Plastids from Heterotrophic Tissues: The Glucose 6-Phosphate/Phosphate Antiporter

Cited by 69 publications

References 0 publications

EST-analysis of the thermo-acidophilic red microalga Galdieriasulphuraria reveals potential for lipid A biosynthesis and unveils the pathway of carbon export from rhodoplasts

EST-analysis of the thermo-acidophilic red microalga Galdieriasulphuraria reveals potential for lipid A biosynthesis and unveils the pathway of carbon export from rhodoplasts

Acclimation of metabolism to light in Arabidopsis thaliana: the glucose 6‐phosphate/phosphate translocator GPT2 directs metabolic acclimation

The Predicted Candidates of Arabidopsis Plastid Inner Envelope Membrane Proteins and Their Expression Profiles,

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