Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Foodborne Outbreak

From the Dish to the Real World: Modeling Interactions between the Gut and Microorganisms in Gut Organoids by Tailoring the Gut Milieu

“…Co-culture of non-pathogenic E. coli with human intestinal organoids via microinjection has shown to induce hypoxia in the intestinal lumen, leading to maturation of the mucus layer, antimicrobial peptide production, and improved barrier function ( 47 , 61 ). Pathogenic E. coli strains have been also applied to the human intestinal organoids, which includes enterohemorr-hagic E. coli (EHEC), a foodborne pathogen that causes bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), the most common cause of children’s and traveler’s diarrhea in the developing countries ( 62 , 63 ). Infecting pathogenic EHEC into 3D human intestinal organoids caused hypoxia and intestinal maturity, like those infected with non-pathogenic E. coli ( 61 ).…”