Molecular characterization of virulence genes of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus in equines

Abstract

Aim:The aim was to determine the occurrence of streptococci in equines in Jammu (R. S. Pura, Katra), characterization of Streptococci equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus with respect to their virulence traits and to determine antibiotic sensitivity pattern of virulent Streptococcus isolates.Materials and Methods:A total of 96 samples were collected from both clinically affected animals (exhibiting signs of respiratory tract disease) and apparently healthy animals and were sent to laboratory. The organisms were isolated on Columbia nalidixic acid agar containing 5% sheep blood as well as on sheep blood agar and confirmed by cultural characteristics and biochemical tests. Molecular detection of Streptococcus was done directly from cultures using sodA and seM gene-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiogram was performed against five antibiotics such as amoxicillin, penicillin G, streptomycin, rifampicin, and methicillin.Results:During this study, a total 40 streptococcal isolates were obtained out of which 2 isolates were of S. equi subsp. equi, 12 isolates were from S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus. In the PCR-based detection, we revealed amplicons of 235 bp and 679 bp for confirmation of sodA and seM gene, respectively. In antibiogram, two isolates of S. equi subsp. equi were found resistant to penicillin G, and all other isolates were found sensitive to amoxicillin and streptomycin.Conclusion:The majority of streptococcal infections was due to S. equi subsp. Zooepidemicus, and thus was recognized as a potential pathogen of diseases of equines besides S. equi subsp. equi.

Haematological and biochemical studies on the effect of diclofenac sodium on Wistar <i>Rattus norvegicus</i>

“…This type of anaemia shows an increase in MCV and decrease in MCHC (Kahn andScott, 2010, Okolo et al, 2015). The findings in the present study are in agreement with those of Basavraj et al (2012), who showed that diclofenac sodium at 9.5 mg/kg orally administered for 28 days in albino Swiss mice induced significant decreases in Hb and PCV values. Similar findings were observed by El-Maddawy and El-Ashmawy (2013), who reported that administration of diclofenac sodium to adult male rats at a dose of 13.5 mg/kg by i/m route for 14 days induced significant reduction in Hb, PCV, RBC and WBC values compared to the control.…”

“…These findings are similar to that of El-Maddawy & ElAshmawy (2013), who reported that diclofenac sodium causes hepatotoxicity, inducing a rise in liver enzymes such as AST, ALT & ALP, resulting in hepatitis. Our findings are also in agreement with Basavraj et al (2012), who reported that administration of diclofenac sodium at the dose of 9.5 mg/kg per os for 28 days in albino Swiss mice induces significant increases in AST and ALT values.…”

“…Thus, the decreases in serum total protein and albumin may also be due to haemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract as a result of toxic effect of the drug, nutrient malabsorbtion and reduced feed intake. These findings are in agreement with El-Maddawy and El-Ashmawy (2013), who observed significant decreases in serum total protein and albumin levels in rats treated with diclofenac sodium at a dose of 13.5 mg/kg for 14 days and compatible with an earlier scientific report (Basavraj et al, 2012).…”

Pangenomic Definition of Prokaryotic Species and the Phylogenetic Structure of Prochlorococcus spp.

“…equi comprised of pathogenic strains, and paraphyletic S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus , that are a part of the normal microphlora in horses (Javed et al, 2016 ) (Figures 3A,E , Supplementary Table S2 ). The weak criterion partitions S. equi into two groups exactly matching the subspecies.…”

Pathogenicity and drug resistance of animal streptococci responsible for human infections

“…However, unlike SEZ, SEE does not colonize the nasopharynx of healthy animals [74]. Antibiotic susceptibility studies have shown that most SEE have broad susceptibility to antibiotics [68]. SER is a rarely isolated species.…”