The mature hen avidin encoded by a synthetic cDNA was expressed in Escherichia coli in an insoluble form. After resolubilization, renaturation and purification, a recovery of about 20 mg/l cell culture was obtained. ELISA assays indicated no apparent differences in biotin binding between the natural and recombinant avidins. In addition, an acidic avidin mutant, bearing the substitutions Lys3→Glu, Lys9→ Glu, Arg26→Asp and Arg124→Leu of four exposed basic residues, was produced. The protein, expressed and renatured as wild-type avidin, showed unaltered biotin-binding activity. The acidic pI (Ϸ5.5) and lack of aggregation of the mutant allowed easy electrophoretic analysis under non-denaturing conditions of the protein alone and of its complexes with biotin, biotinylated transferrin or peroxidase. Analysis of the sera from sensitized subjects revealed that the avidin mutant has altered antigenicity. Both recombinant avidins were crystallized and the three-dimensional structures solved by molecular replacement and refined to 0.22 nm resolution. The three-dimensional structures of the two recombinant molecules, in the absence of biotin and of glycosylation, are fully comparable with those of the natural hen avidin previously reported.Keywords : avidin; crystal structure ; mutagenesis ; recombinant protein.Avidin, a minor constituent of egg white of reptiles, amphibia and birds, is a glycosylated and positively charged protein which can bind up to four molecules of vitamin H, D-biotin [1]. The interaction with biotin is non-covalent but extremely tight, the dissociation constant of about 1 fM being about 10 3 Ϫ10 6 times higher than that of a typical antigen-antibody interaction. The cDNA-derived and protein-derived sequences [2,3] and the crystallographic structures of avidin [4Ϫ6] are known. Functional avidin is a tetramer of identical subunits and each subunit is folded into an eight-stranded anti-parallel β-barrel displaying up-and-down topology. The biotin-binding site is located in the core of the barrel, and is built by residues of the barrel itself and partly by a loop of an adjacent subunit. The interest in avidin derives mainly from several applications based on its rapid and almost irreversible binding to biotin and to practically any biotin-based molecular construct [7,8]. Avidin is used in vivo for the targeting of solid tumors [9] in applications where proteinsurface properties are determinants for proper biodistribution, serum clearance and immunological response [10]. The production of recombinant avidin and its mutated forms could increase the already remarkable versatility of this protein and may improve its properties for in vivo use.