Molecular criteria for discriminating museum Asian lacquerware from different vegetal origins by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Lacquer has been used in Asian countries for thousands of years as a natural coating material owing to its durable, adhesive, decorative, and protective properties. Protection and restoration of lacquer‐coated cultural remains has become an important subject, and identification of the lacquer types in old lacquer‐wares has also become very important for conservation and restoration research. This paper provides identification of several molecular species of vegetal‐source Asian lacquers with the aim of providing a methodology for application in the field of cultural heritage. Several chemical markers of the vegetal species in Asian lacquers were identified using a methodology consistent with the sampling restrictions required for cultural‐heritage objects. Surface analytical methods such as time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese lacquers; avoiding time‐consuming and destructive extraction processes. These ToF‐SIMS results provided the structural characterization of a series of catechol derivatives. The ToF‐SIMS spectra of Rhus vernicifera from Korea and China, and Rhus succedanea from Vietnam indicated a series of urushiol and laccol repeat units, respectively, in the mass range of m/z 0–1800. Because of its sensitivity, specificity, and speed of analysis, the ToF‐SIMS technique can be used to investigate cultural lacquer‐coated treasures as well as to discriminate among different Asian lacquer coatings or binding mediums for the conservation or restoration of lacquer‐ware. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Lacquer sap components and polymerization of urushiol and laccol. Adapted from Lu et al ., Le Hô et al ., and Wang et al …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, polar phenolic hydroxyl groups in catechol may cause excessive interactions in the GC column, causing peak broadening and low resolution of the phenolics . To overcome these problems, the lacquer films are pyrolyzed with tetramethylammonium hydroxide and hexamethyldisilazane …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Asian lacquer films using ToF‐SIMS and complementary analytical techniques

Lee

Doh

Hahn

et al. 2016

Surface & Interface Analysis

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“…Many reports [14][15][16] have shown that Py-GC/MS ion chromatogram of m/z = 108 (alkylphenol) and m/z = 91 (alkylbenzene) are characteristic products of lacquers. In order to conveniently compare the pyrolysis results, we analyzed three pure standard lacquers again according to our previous report [11,17] and the results are shown in Fig.…”

Section: Pyrolysis Of Pure Standard Lacquersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of derivatization pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to analysis of archaeological lacquerwares

Igo

Honda

Lü

et al. 2015

Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis

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“…In contrast to this practice, the "laccol" (dark brown color liquid main component) extracted with acetone (CH 3 COCH 3 ) from the tree sap was utilized for all the experiments conducted herein. It has C17 unsaturated hydrocarbon chain with 0-3 olefins at the 3-position of the catechol ring [3,7,9] and 38.7% of the monomer mixture contains three olefins in the side chain [7]. The laccase enzyme that is insoluble in CH 3 COCH 3 was removed during the extraction process as "acetone powder" [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesizing radiation‐hard polymer and copolymers usinglaccolmonomers extracted from lacquer treetoxicodendron succedaneavia cationic polymerization

Arachchilage

Patel

Harmon

2019

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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In recent years, lacquer chemistry stimulated more attention from the scientific community due to its environmental friendly applications. Additionally, the “laccol” possesses promising radiation resistance due to its highly crosslinked polymer network. In nature, lacquer polymerization is induced via enzymatic radical initiation. Herein, as a novel approach, lacquer polymer was synthesized via cationic polymerization with aluminum chloride‐ethyl acetate coinitiator. This approach was further improved by polymerizing copolymers of laccol and styrene designed for use in radiation‐hard materials. The infrared spectroscopic data clearly provide evidence for reactions with trans conjugated double bonds present in long side chain (988 and 966 cm−1 are bending vibrations of conjugated alkenes) of laccol monomer accompanying polymerization. This was further verified with proton nuclear magnetic resonance analysis. An increase in hardness was observed for all the compositions: remarkably for neat laccol polymer, and 90% and 70% laccol‐styrene copolymers after the gamma irradiation using Co‐60 gamma irradiator. Properties such as thermal stability and hardness were improved after irradiation due to the increase in physical and small amounts of chemical crosslinking. Therefore, the developed materials are suitable candidates to produce radiation‐hard polymer and copolymer coatings for aerospace operations, nuclear reactors, and medicinal and automobile sectors. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1611–1623 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Molecular criteria for discriminating museum Asian lacquerware from different vegetal origins by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Cited by 55 publications

References 21 publications

Investigation of Asian lacquer films using ToF‐SIMS and complementary analytical techniques

Investigation of Asian lacquer films using ToF‐SIMS and complementary analytical techniques

Application of derivatization pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to analysis of archaeological lacquerwares

Synthesizing radiation‐hard polymer and copolymers usinglaccolmonomers extracted from lacquer treetoxicodendron succedaneavia cationic polymerization

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