The structures of the barite (001) and (210) cleavage surfaces were measured in contact with deionized water at 25°C. High resolution (∼1 Å) specular X-ray reflectivity and atomic force microscopy were used to probe the step structures of the cleaved surfaces and the atomic structures of the barite-water interfaces including the structures of water near the barite-water interfaces. The barite (001) and (210) cleavage surfaces are characterized by large (>2500 Å) domains separated by unit-cell steps (7.15 and 3.44 Å steps for the (001) and (210) surfaces, respectively). This observation was unanticipated for the (001) surface in which adjacent BaSO 4 layers are displaced vertically by c/2 and symmetry related through a 2 1 screw axis along (001). The atomic structures of the two cleavage surfaces derived by X-ray reflectivity reveal that near-surface sulfate groups exhibit significant (∼0.4 Å) structural displacements, while Ba surface ion displacements are significantly smaller (∼0.07 Å). Water adsorbs to the barite surfaces in a manner consistent, in both number and height, with the saturation of broken Ba-O bonds; no evidence was found for additional structuring of the fluid water near the surface.