Molecular detection and sequencing of “Norwalk‐like viruses” in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in Ireland

Foley, B.; O’Mahony, Jim; Hill, Colin; Morgan, John G.

doi:10.1002/jmv.2046

Cited by 25 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…As described in previous studies, most of the HuCVs identified worldwide belonged to the NLV genus (89.6%) and the majority of the strains were related to the Lordsdale virus (4,5,9,19). SLV appears to be an uncommon cause of severe gastroenteritis in young Spanish children, although further studies are needed to confirm this data.…”

supporting

confidence: 58%

“…Although HuCV is emerging as a cause of sporadic gastroenteritis as a sole pathogen in young children, there are not many data about the incidence of this viral infection. During previous studies in other countries, this infection was detected in 3.5 to 20% of sporadic cases among young children (1,2,5,9,10,12,14,15,16,22,24). To date, there is to our knowledge a lack of data from Spain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

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Molecular Detection of Human Calicivirus among Spanish Children with Acute Gastroenteritis

Román¹,

Negredo

Dalton

et al. 2002

J Clin Microbiol

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A survey was conducted among Spanish children with gastroenteritis treated in an emergency room. Reverse transcription-PCR with specimens negative for other enteric pathogens was used. The minimum incidence of human calicivirus infection was 7.7%, with Lordsdale as the predominant genotype. The clinical features and severity of calicivirus and rotavirus were similar.Norwalk-like virus (NLV) and Sapporo-like virus (SLV) are members of the family Caliciviridae (7), which has been considered one of the most common causes of nonbacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks and sporadic cases in adults and children (3,6,11,25). Routine detection is not yet possible due to the lack of a simple diagnostic test. Thus, the most-used human calicivirus (HuCV) detection assay is generic reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) with the RNA polymerase gene (pol) as the target. Thus far, the RT-PCR assay has not been routinely used for the detection of childhood gastroenteritis etiologic agents. Although HuCV is emerging as a cause of sporadic gastroenteritis as a sole pathogen in young children, there are not many data about the incidence of this viral infection. During previous studies in other countries, this infection was detected in 3.5 to 20% of sporadic cases among young children (1,2,5,9,10,12,14,15,16,22,24). To date, there is to our knowledge a lack of data from Spain. In order to clarify the epidemiologic role and clinical significance of calicivirus-associated gastroenteritis in our country, we have conducted a surveillance study among children with gastroenteritis treated in an emergency room in Madrid, Spain. Our objectives were to determine the incidence of HuCV infection and the clinical characteristics of the disease and to establish the genetic diversity of HuCV strains. A total of 822 fecal specimens were collected from children of less than 4 years of age with gastroenteritis who visited the emergency room of Severo Ochoa Hospital in Madrid between October 1996 and September 1997. A gastroenteritis episode was defined as at least three looser-than-normal stools within a 24-h period or an episode of forceful vomiting with any loose stools. Clinical information was collected for all patients, including age, sex, presenting symptoms, and duration of illness prior to admission. Each episode was graded by using a 20-point severity score scale as previously described (17). Fecal specimens were screened for etiologic agents of diarrhea. Bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter spp. and Vibrionaceae) were detected by routine cultivation methods, and viruses (group A rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus) were detected by commercial enzyme immunoassays.No pathogens were detected in fecal specimens from 292 (35.5%) children. A subset of 201 of these samples with an adequate volume of fecal specimen was tested for the presence of HuCVs (NLV and SLV) by using RT-PCR with the RNA polymerase gene (pol) as the target. For this, RNA was extracted from 20% of the stool suspensions in phosphate-buffered saline by using t...

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supporting

confidence: 58%

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Molecular Detection of Human Calicivirus among Spanish Children with Acute Gastroenteritis

Román¹,

Negredo

Dalton

et al. 2002

J Clin Microbiol

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“…Our data supported the relevance of noroviruses as an under-appreciated cause of diarrhea in children from Asturias. Their role as the second cause of sporadic cases of viral gastroenteritis has also been reported by several studies carried out in other European countries, such as The Netherlands (16), France (Rouen) (22), Ireland (13), and Spain (Madrid) (6). Nevertheless, these studies have reported that noroviruses are responsible for 10 to 15% of all gastroenteritis cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Etiology of Sporadic Cases of Pediatric Acute Gastroenteritis in Asturias, Spain, and Genotyping and Characterization of Norovirus Strains Involved

et al. 2004

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a reverse transcription-PCR using primers directed to the norovirus RNA polymerase coding region was included in a viral and bacterial routine screening to diagnose sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis among children in Asturias, Spain. The role of noroviruses (8.6% of the positively diagnosed cases) as the cause of sporadic pediatric gastroenteritis was evaluated with respect to the detection rates of other gastroenteritis-associated viruses and bacteria. The results indicated that noroviruses were less common than rotaviruses (36.9%), Campylobacter spp. (28.8%), and Salmonella spp. (18.4%) but more frequent than astroviruses (4.3%), adenoviruses (3.8%), and Yersinia spp. (2.2%). Mixed infections involving noroviruses were rarely observed (0.5%). The presence of a norovirus-associated pediatric gastroenteritis peak in summer, as well as the complete absence of norovirus-associated cases in colder months, challenges the view that norovirus infections exclusively have wintertime seasonality. On the other hand, phylogenetic analysis of the amplified fragments showed that the norovirus strains responsible were closely related. A further study using the full-length capsid region showed that these strains could be included into genogroup II, Bristol/Lorsdale cluster, and were closely related to the 1995 and 1996 U.S. subset of strains associated with outbreaks recorded worldwide between 1995 and 1996.Gastroenteritis remains a major public health problem worldwide, especially among children. More than 700 million cases of acute gastroenteritis are estimated to occur annually in children less than 5 years old. The mortality associated with gastroenteritis has been estimated to be 3.5 to 5 million per year (14, 33).Many different pathogens have been found in the stools of children with gastroenteritis. From them, bacteria, such as Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., and Yersinia spp. among others and viruses, such as rotaviruses, adenoviruses, and astroviruses, have been clearly established as etiologic agents of gastroenteritis in children (8,21,28).Recently, noroviruses (formerly known as "Norwalk-like viruses") have been included as a common cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis worldwide in individuals of all ages. Their role as the major cause of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks has been recently reported (6,18,39). Nevertheless, few studies have been carried out to evaluate the relative contribution of noroviruses to pediatric sporadic gastroenteritis with respect to other classic gastroenteritis-associated viruses and bacteria.The Norovirus genus within the family Caliciviridae includes single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses. They have been divided into two distinct genogroups, GGI and GGII, and further subdivided into several clusters or genotypes based on genetic divergence in regions of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the major viral capsid protein (VP60) (38). Thus, GGI includes Norwalk, Southampton, Chiba, and Desert Shield viruses, whereas GGII includes Hawaii, ...

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“…This is also the first Australian study to report on the isolation of GII.10. While Australia is geographically isolated in the world, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the same strains are circulating in Asia, Europe, and the Americas (12,13,19,31,55). Modern methods of transport and the multicultural nature of Australia undoubtedly facilitate the importation of global NoV strains.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of a New Norovirus Genotype II.4 Variant Associated with Global Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis

et al. 2006

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Norovirus (NoV) is highly infectious and is the major cause of outbreak gastroenteritis in adults, with pandemic spread of the virus being reported in 1995 and 2002. The NoV genome is genetically diverse, which has hampered development of sensitive molecular biology-based methods. In this study we report on a nested reverse transcriptase PCR (nRT-PCR) that was designed to amplify the highly conserved 3′ end of the polymerase region and the 5′ end of the capsid gene of NoV genogroup II (GII). The nRT-PCR was validated with strains isolated from sporadic and outbreak cases between 1997 and 2004 in New South Wales, Australia. Phylogenetic analysis identified six genotypes circulating in New South Wales, GII.1, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, and GII.10, with GII.4 being the predominant genotype. In 2004, there was a marked increase in NoV GII activity in Australia, with a novel GII.4 variant being identified as the etiological agent in 18 outbreaks investigated. This novel GII.4 variant, termed Hunter virus, differed by more than 5% at the amino acid level across the capsid from any other NoV strain in the GenBank and EMBL databases. The Hunter virus was subsequently identified as the etiological agent in large epidemics of gastroenteritis in The Netherlands, Japan, and Taiwan in 2004 and 2005.

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Molecular detection and sequencing of “Norwalk‐like viruses” in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in Ireland

Cited by 25 publications

References 39 publications

Molecular Detection of Human Calicivirus among Spanish Children with Acute Gastroenteritis

Molecular Detection of Human Calicivirus among Spanish Children with Acute Gastroenteritis

Etiology of Sporadic Cases of Pediatric Acute Gastroenteritis in Asturias, Spain, and Genotyping and Characterization of Norovirus Strains Involved

Emergence of a New Norovirus Genotype II.4 Variant Associated with Global Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis

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