Molecular determinants of virulence of West Nile virus in North America

Davis, C. Todd; Whiteman, Melissa C.; Granwehr, Bruno; Kinney, Richard M.; Barrett, Alan D.T.

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0572-6_4

Cited by 49 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The glycosylation status of the E protein of WNV correlates with murine neuroinvasive phenotypes, with reduced viral entry into the CNS being evident for nonglycosylated and/or mutagenized viruses. The reduced neuroinvasive properties have been hypothesized to result from altered tropism, increased sensitivity to low-pH conditions in endocytic vesicles and a reduced affinity for receptors such as DC-SIGN for infection of monocytes/macrophages [13,31,94,115,155].…”

Section: Viral Determinants Of Flavivirus Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of rodent models to the pathological assessment of flaviviral infections of the central nervous system

2012

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Members of the genus Flavivirus are responsible for a spectrum of important neurological syndromes in humans and animals. Rodent models have been used extensively to model flavivirus neurological disease, to discover host-pathogen interactions that influence disease outcome, and as surrogates to determine the efficacy and safety of vaccines and therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of flavivirus neuroinvasive disease and outline the host, viral and experimental factors that influence the outcome and reliability of virus infection of smallanimal models.

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Section: Viral Determinants Of Flavivirus Encephalitismentioning

confidence: 99%

The contribution of rodent models to the pathological assessment of flaviviral infections of the central nervous system

2012

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“…In general, WNV is maintained in nature in a cycle involving transmission between birds and mosquitoes, but humans and other mammals can also be infected through bites from infected mosquitoes. Humans became incidentally infected and develop neurological disease or death depending on the virus type, virulence, age, immune status, and genetic factors of the infected individual (Mackenzie et al, 1994;Wu et al, 2000;Beasley et al, 2004). Regarding WNV tropism, the virus is neurotropic in vivo and infects some visceral organs (Diamond et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of synonymous codon usage bias in the beginning region of West Nile virus

Ma¹,

Feng²,

Liu³

et al. 2014

Genet. Mol. Res.

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ABSTRACT. Adaptation in the overall codon usage pattern of West Nile virus (WNV) to that of two hosts was estimated based on the synonymous codon usage value (RSCU). Synonymous codon usage biases for the beginning coding sequence of this virus were also analyzed by calculating the usage fluctuation for each synonymous codon along the target region (the first 270 codon sites of the whole coding sequence of WNV). Adaptation of WNV to Anopheles gambiae regarding the overall codon usage revealed a mixture of synonymous codon usage patterns between this virus and its vector. Regarding the adaptation of WNV to its dead-end host and codon usage, although a mixture of overall codon usage patterns exists, the number of codons with reversed tendency codon usage is lower than that between the virus and its vector. In addition, some codons with low RSCU values for this virus are highly selected in the beginning translation region of WNV, while codons with low RSCU values in this region tend to pair with tRNAs present in low abundance in the host, suggesting that highly selected codons in a specific region in the beginning region of WNV are, to some degree, influenced by the corresponding low tRNA abundance of hosts to regulate the translation speed of the WNV polyprotein.

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“…This isolate from Mexico appears to be representative of an intermediary clade between the genotype introduced to North America (East Coast genotype) and the genotype (WN02) that has subsequently predominated in North America since 2002. 13 Glycosylation status of the virion envelope glycoprotein (E) of WNV strains has been associated with decreased neuroinvasive properties in the mouse model, [14][15][16] reduced replication in tissue culture 17 and reduced replication in chicks ( Gallus domesticus ). 18 Altered virion stability at low pH 14 and intracellular maturation 17 of nonglycosylated viral particles have been associated with decreased circulating viremias and a subsequent reduced neuroinvasive phenotype in a murine model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduced Avian Virulence and Viremia of West Nile Virus Isolates from Mexico and Texas

Brault¹,

Langevin

Ramey

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. A West Nile virus (WNV) isolate from Mexico (TM171-03) and BIRD1153, a unique genotype from Texas, have exhibited reduced murine neuroinvasive phenotypes. To determine if murine neuroinvasive capacity equates to avian virulence potential, American crow ( Corvus brachyrhynchos ) and house sparrows ( Passer domesticus ) were experimentally inoculated with representative murine neuroinvasive/non-neuroinvasive strains. In both avian species, a plaque variant from Mexico that was E-glycosylation competent produced higher viremias than an E-glycosylation-incompetent variant, indicating the potential importance of E-glycosylation for avian replication. The murine non-neuroinvasive BIRD1153 strain was significantly attenuated in American crows but not house sparrows when compared with the murine neuroinvasive Texas strain. Despite the loss of murine neuroinvasive properties of nonglycosylated variants from Mexico, our data indicate avian replication potential of these strains and that unique WNV virulence characteristics exist between murine and avian models. The implications of reduced avian replication of variants from Mexico for restricted WNV transmission in Latin America is discussed.

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Molecular determinants of virulence of West Nile virus in North America

Cited by 49 publications

References 11 publications

The contribution of rodent models to the pathological assessment of flaviviral infections of the central nervous system

The contribution of rodent models to the pathological assessment of flaviviral infections of the central nervous system

Characteristics of synonymous codon usage bias in the beginning region of West Nile virus

Reduced Avian Virulence and Viremia of West Nile Virus Isolates from Mexico and Texas

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