Molecular Diagnosis and Ocular Imaging of West Nile Virus Retinitis and Neuroretinitis

Sivakumar, Rathinam; Lalitha, Prajna; Arya, Lalan Kumar; Muraly, Praveen; Shukla, Jyoti; Saxena, Divyasha; Parida, Manmohan

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.02.006

Cited by 61 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The plaque-reduction neutralization test is also useful because it can distinguish any false-positive results of ELISA and serologic cross-reactions among the flaviviruses [110]. In addition to serology tests, molecular techniques, such as WNV envelope gene-specific RT-PCR and RT loop-mediated isothermal gene amplification assays, can be performed to confirm WNV infection [116].…”

Section: West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new era of uveitis: impact of polymerase chain reaction in intraocular inflammatory diseases

et al. 2016

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Uveitis is a sight-threatening intraocular inflammatory disorder which may occur from both infectious and non-infectious or autoimmune causes. The frequency of infectious uveitis and autoimmune uveitis varies depending on countries and regions. According to a nationwide survey conducted by the Japanese Ocular Inflammation Society, infectious and non-infectious uveitis accounted for 16.4 and 50.1% of new patients, respectively while the remaining 33.5% of new uveitis cases were not classified or were idiopathic uveitis. Infectious uveitis is particularly important because it causes tissue damage to the eye and may result in blindness unless treated. However, it can be treated if the pathogenic microorganisms are identified promptly and accurately. Remarkable advancements in molecular and immunological technologies have been made in the last decade, and the diagnosis of infectious uveitis has been greatly improved by the application of molecular and immunological investigations, particularly polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR performed on a small amount of ocular samples provides a prompt, sensitive, and specific molecular diagnosis of pathogenic microorganisms in the eye. This technology has opened a new era in the diagnosis and treatment of uveitis, enabling physicians to establish new clinical entities of uveitis caused by infectious microorganisms, identify pathogens in the eyes of many patients with uveitis, and determine prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy. Here we review the PCR process, new PCR tests specialized for ocular diseases, microorganisms detected by the PCR tests, diseases in the eye caused by these microorganisms, and the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and therapy of uveitis.

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Section: West Nile Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new era of uveitis: impact of polymerase chain reaction in intraocular inflammatory diseases

et al. 2016

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“…Diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion and appropriate serologic testing. Serology is rapid and relatively inexpensive, however it is not specific because of cross reactivity with other flavivirus infections 3 . The most common diagnostic test is an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect WNV specific IgM 4 .…”

Section: West Nile Chorioretinitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The multifocal chorioretinitis presents similarly to multifocal choroiditis and manifests as scattered or linear deep, creamy retinal lesions 3,4,10 . In contrast to multifocal choroiditis lesions appear and resolve together and are not in varying stages of resolution.…”

Section: West Nile Chorioretinitismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emerging Causes of Viral-associated Uveitis

Connors

Shantha

Yeh

2015

International Ophthalmology Clinics

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“…Optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed edema of the inner retinal layer during the acute phase and retinal atrophy at later stages. Many patients had persistent visual acuity loss [44]. Another interesting recent clinical observation is the possible association of antecedent WNV infection with subsequent development of myasthenia gravis.…”

Section: Clinical Features and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Current developments in understanding of West Nile virus central nervous system disease

Tyler¹

2014

Current Opinion in Neurology

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Purpose of review West Nile virus (WNV) is the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis in the United States. We review articles published in the last 18 months related to the epidemiology, immunology, clinical features, and treatment of this disease. Recent findings There was a resurgence in WNV disease in the United States in 2012. The WNV strain now predominant in the United States (NA/WN02) differs from the initial emergent isolate in 1999 (NY99). However, differences in the genetics of currently circulating United States WNV strains do not explain variations in epidemic magnitude or disease severity. Innate and acquired immunity are critical in control of WNV, and in some cases pathways are central nervous system specific. The clinical features of infection are now well understood, although nonconfirmed observations of chronic viral excretion in urine remain controversial. There is no specific antiviral therapy for WNV, but studies of antivirals specific for other flaviviruses may identify agents with promise against WNV. Phase I and II human WNV vaccine clinical trials have established that well tolerated and immunogenic WNV vaccines can be developed. Summary WNV remains an important public health problem. Although recent studies have significantly increased our understanding of host immune and genetic factors involved in control of WNV infection, no specific therapy is yet available. Development of a well tolerated, immunogenic, and effective vaccine against WNV is almost certainly feasible, but economic factors and the lack of predictability of the magnitude and location of outbreaks are problematic for designing phase III trials and ultimate licensure.

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Molecular Diagnosis and Ocular Imaging of West Nile Virus Retinitis and Neuroretinitis

Cited by 61 publications

References 29 publications

A new era of uveitis: impact of polymerase chain reaction in intraocular inflammatory diseases

A new era of uveitis: impact of polymerase chain reaction in intraocular inflammatory diseases

Emerging Causes of Viral-associated Uveitis

Current developments in understanding of West Nile virus central nervous system disease

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