Molecular Diagnosis and Prevalence of Trypanosoma vivax (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) in Buffaloes and Ectoparasites in the Brazilian Amazon Region

Abstract

Trypanosoma vivax Ziemann is a parasite that affects both wild and domestic ungulates and is transmitted mechanically via tabanids and other blood-sucking insects in the Americas. A total of 621 blood samples from water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus) (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), and 184 ectoparasite samples (Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius) sensu stricto and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae), and Haematopinus tuberculatus (Burmeister) (Phthiraptera: Haematopinidae)) were obtained from 60 farms in the State of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. Twelve buffalo blood samples (1.89%) and 11 ectoparasites (6%) were positive for T. vivax based on the cathepsin L-like gene. All sequences were 99% similar to T. vivax from northeastern Brazil (EU753788) in amplified PCR assays on each of the hosts tested.

Experimental infection by Trypanosoma vivax in goats in the Brazilian semiarid: detection of T. vivax DNA in colostrum and assessment of lactogenic transmission

“…The main mode of transmission described for T. vivax in Africa is through the biological vector, the tsetse fly, which during hematophagia, inoculates the parasite along with saliva. In places outside Africa where there is no biological vector that transmits trypanosomosis, such as in Central and South American countries, T. vivax is transmitted mechanically by hematophagous insects, e.g., Tabanidae and Stomoxydae (Bastos et al 2020, Dyonisio et al 2020. Besides transmission by hematophagous Diptera, the mechanical transmission of trypanosomes may also occur iatrogenically through the misuse of needles contaminated with infected blood in several animals during the application of drugs or vaccinations (Schmith et al 2020).…”

The History of Anti-Trypanosome Vaccine Development Shows That Highly Immunogenic and Exposed Pathogen-Derived Antigens Are Not Necessarily Good Target Candidates: Enolase and ISG75 as Examples

“…In addition, the problem of AT has moved out of the “tsetse belt” and thus spread beyond sub-Saharan Africa. Indeed, in the last century, both T. vivax and T. evansi have been exported to South America, where the parasites are now migrating towards Central America [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], and T. evansi cases are also reported in Asia and Europe [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. This global spread is caused by a combination of intercontinental shipping of infected livestock and mechanical parasite transmission [ 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Trypanosoma vivax: uma breve revisão / Trypanosoma vivax: a brief review

“…A tripanossomose causada por Trypanosoma vivax (Ziemann, 1905) é uma doença altamente debilitante, de origem africana, muitas vezes fatal para bovinos e pequenos ruminantes, ocasionando perdas econômicas e afetando de forma significativa a pecuária (RODRIGUES et al, 2013;CADIOLI et al, 2012;DYONISIO et al, 2020). No Brasil, foi relatada pela primeira vez em 1946, desde então vem sendo registrada em estados das diversas regiões do país, causando inúmeros prejuízos associado tanto as mortes dos animais quanto a infertilidade, aborto, retardo no crescimento dos bezerros e déficit produtivo (BATISTA et al, 2007;CARVALHO et al, 2008).…”