Molecular diversity and polymerase gene genotypes of HIV-1 among treatment-naïve Cameroonian subjects with advanced disease

Abstract

A high HIV-1 diversity was already present in Cameroon in the early 90s, when the subjects were likely infected. Primary HIV-1 drug resistance was low. Occurrence of RNase H mutations with proven phenotypic effect on susceptibility to antiretrovirals encourages further assessment of their impact in treatment outcome in the context of complex HIV genetic diversity and in a subtype-specific fashion.

Primary HIV-1 drug resistance in the C-terminal domains of viral reverse transcriptase among drug-naïve patients from Southern Brazil

“…When the amplification was not successful, the pol region subdomains were amplified separately according to established protocols. [20][21][22] PCR products were sequenced using the Big Dye v.3.1 kit (Applied Biosystems). Sequences were generated in an automated ABI3130XL apparatus and edited with SeqMan v7.0 (DNASTAR).…”

“…13,18,19 Limited studies have attempted to evaluate these mutations among drug-naïve subjects. 20 Moreover, virtually all studies so far conducted assessed RT C-terminal mutations in subtype B.…”

Identification of Novel Resistance-Related Polymorphisms in HIV-1 Subtype C RT Connection and RNase H Domains from Patients Under Virological Failure in Brazil

“…Primers and PCR conditions for both reactions have been previously described. 14,16,28 Purified PCR products were sequenced with the Prism Ò BigDyeÔ Terminator Cycle Sequencing Ready Reaction Kit (Thermo Scientific, Carlsbad, USA) using the inner primers of each respective PCR reaction. DNA sequencing was carried out in an automated ABI 3130XL Genetic Analyzer (Thermo Scientific).…”

“…23,24 Currently, CN and RNH are not included in resistance genotyping assays, but their clinical impact is controversial and remains poorly characterized. Limited studies have attempted to evaluate these mutations among drug-naive and treated subjects, 14,[25][26][27][28] and virtually all so far conducted have assessed them in HIV-1B, with very few reports in non-B subtypes. 14,28 Studies carried out with treatment-experienced patients have pinpointed differences in drug resistance occurring at the RT POL domain of distinct HIV-1 subtypes.…”

HIV-1 Diversity and Its Implications in Diagnosis, Transmission, Disease Progression, and Antiretroviral Therapy

“…Subtype D strains are found mainly in East Africa, and to a lesser extent in West Africa (Conroy et al, 2010;Harris et al, 2002;Laukkanen et al, 2000;Songok et al, 2004). Subtype F predominates in Central Africa (Carr et al, 2010b;Soares et al, 2010), South America (Avila et al, 2002;Munerato et al, 2010) and Eastern Europe (Fernandez-Garcia et al, 2009;Paraschiv, Foley, and Otelea, 2011). Subtype G viruses are prevalent in Central and Western Africa (Hawkins et al, 2009;Kalish et al, 2004), as well as in Portugal (Abecasis et al, 2011;Esteves et al, 2003;Esteves et al, 2002;Palma et al, 2007) and Spain Trevino et al, 2011).…”