“…Generally, nanomaterials have a specific field of application due to their unique properties, such as copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) for high thermal conductivity, high-strength alloys, and antibacterial and antiviral compounds (Aguilar et al, 2019 ; Akhavan and Ghaderi, 2010 ; Das Jana et al, 2021 ; Le et al, 2023 ; Lei et al, 2013 ). Cu NPs are also widely used in a variety of fields, including photochemical catalysis, electronics, optics, biosensing, and gas sensors (Akhavan and Ghaderi, 2011 ; Khodashenas and Ghorbani, 2014 ; Patil et al, 2015 ; Tadjarodi et al, 2015 ).…”