Interfacial interactions between deformable bubbles and
oil drops
have attracted much attention in foam flooding. However, interactions
involving nitrogen bubbles have not been reported. In this work, the
interaction forces between nitrogen and dodecane/toluene in aqueous
solutions were quantified using the atomic force microscopy bubble
probe technique. The effects of the solution pH, ionic type, and solution
concentration on the interactions were analyzed. The van der Waals
(vdW), electric double layer (EDL), and hydrophobic (HB) interactions
were involved in the low-concentration solutions. The EDL repulsion
in NaCl increased with solution pH, while in CaCl2 and
MgCl2, the EDL repulsion in general decreased and then
increased with pH, attributed to the adsorption of OH– and divalent cations and their hydration products. The adsorption
of divalent cations at the toluene/water interface was pronounced
by cation−π interactions. At pH 10, precipitated divalent
cation hydroxides at the bubble/water and oil/water interfaces adsorbed
more cations, causing the increase of the surface potential. At high
salinity, the EDL interaction was suppressed and the vdW repulsion
became predominant. The vdW force of nitrogen with toluene was stronger
than that with dodecane. Under all of the solution conditions, the
attractive interaction could not overcome the total repulsive interaction
at the minimum separation, and thus no bubble attachment was observed,
which implied that a stable bubble/liquid/oil film was essential for
maintaining foam stability. This work provides useful insights into
the interfacial interaction mechanisms in nitrogen foam flooding.
The findings can be readily extended to other engineering systems
such as oil flotation and bubble–oil–water emulsions.