An anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was used to modify the coal structure. This was done to improve the compactness of the coal structure, promote the damage of coal structure, improve the efficiency of gas drainage, and prevent shock pressure disasters. The mercury intrusion experiment and uniaxial compression experiments were used to determine the changes in the pore structure and mechanical properties of coal after modified by surfactant. This work established six groups of water / surfactant / coal simulation systems with different concentrations. Based on the energy behavior and dynamics characteristics ( interaction energy, relative concentration distribution, radial distribution function, mean square displacement) of each system, the effects of surfactants with different concentrations on the structural damage of coal were analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation, and the mechanism of coal structural damage was revealed. The results show that the SDS solution can significantly reduce the mechanical strength of the coal. When the solution concentration is 0.6%, the degree of damage to the coal structure is the maximum. SDS molecules can be detected at the water / coal interface. SDS molecules are adsorbed to the coal surface through intermolecular interactions, and -SO3 groups are preferentially adsorbed to the oxygen-containing functional groups on the coal surface. The difference in SDS adsorption on the coal surface is caused by the difference in the number and spatial distribution of alkyl chains in the SDS molecule. The main modification mechanisms of surfactants on coal are that when SDS is adsorbed on the coal surface, a large number of secondary pores and cracks are generated on the surface and inside of the coal, and cracks are formed under the action of tensile stress. The cracks continue to expand, extend, which ultimately promotes damage to the coal structure. The results are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the structure damage of coal modified by surfactant, and provide a new method for the prevention of rockburst disasters and gas outburst control.