Molecular epidemiology and associated risk factors of Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata in cattle from North-western Pakistan

Zeb, Jehan; Shams, Sumaira; Din, Israr Ud; Ayaz, Sultan; Khan, Adil; Nasreen, Nasreen; Khan, Haleema; Khan, M. A.; Senbill, Haytham

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109044

Cited by 42 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Concurrently, research should also be focused on unexplored areas of population genomics of TTBPs using high-throughput techniques such as NGS and microfluidics. As discussed earlier, the current focus of research is on the control of TTBDis of large ruminants in this country [72,119,[160][161][162], however, in a predominantly mixed-species farming system where small and large ruminants are reared together, sheep and goats could serve as alternative hosts for TTBPs of large ruminants [163,164]. Therefore, for the effective control of TTBDis of livestock in Pakistan, it is imperative to design future studies including common livestock species that are kept in proximity.…”

Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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Ticks and tick-borne diseases (TTBDis) are a major constraint to the health and production of small ruminants in Pakistan. Despite being the subject of intermittent studies over the past few decades, comprehensive information on the epidemiology and control of TTBDis is lacking. Herein, we have systematically reviewed the current knowledge on TTBDis of small ruminants in Pakistan. Critical appraisal of the selected 71 articles published between 1947 to 2020 revealed that morphological examination had been the most widely used method for the identification of TTBDis in Pakistan. Tick fauna comprise at least 40 species, mainly belonging to Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The prevalence of ticks is the highest in summer (June–September) and it is also higher in goats than sheep. Anaplasma, Babesia and Theileria spp. are the major tick-borne pathogens (TBPs), and their prevalence is usually higher in sheep than goats. Spatio-temporal distribution, genetic diversity and control of ticks and TBPs of small ruminants as well as the competence of tick vectors for various TBPs remain to be explored. Therefore, coordinated and focused investigations are required to fill knowledge gaps in these areas to maximise the health, production and welfare of small ruminants and minimise economic losses associated with TTBDis in Pakistan.

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Section: Conclusion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

et al. 2020

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“…Bovine tropical theileriosis (TT) is a tick-borne disease (TBDs) caused by the hemoprotozoan parasite Theileria annulate , which circulates in the bovine population, and results in substantial economic losses to the dairy and livestock industry. It is the cause of high mortality rates and imposes constraints upon the breeding development program, thus significantly reducing its production output [ 1 , 2 ]. Tropical theileriosis is prevalent over a broad geographic region globally ranging from Asia, the Middle East, and southern Europe, to northern Africa [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the infective piroplasms enter the tick during the next blood feeding. Clinical signs associated with TT in bovine are; pyrexia (40–41.5°C), ocular and nasal discharge, enlargement of superficial lymph nodes, dyspnea, leucopenia, anemia, and jaundice [ 2 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Theileria annulata in cattle from central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

et al. 2021

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Theileria annulata is a tick-borne hemoprotozoan parasite responsible for tropical theileriosis in the bovine population, which causes substantial economic losses to the livestock sector. The present study has investigated, characterized, and shaped epidemiologic and phylogenetic profiles of T. annulata infection in the cattle population of central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 600 blood samples were collected from cattle. Microscopy and PCR (18S rRNA taxonomic marker) assays were performed to detect T. annulata infection in cattle from the study area. The overall relative prevalence rates of T. annulata in the examined cattle population were 12.8% (microscopy) and 23.7% (PCR). District-wise analysis (microscopy/PCR) showed that cattle from district Mardan were found more infected (16.0%/28.0%), as compared to cattle from district Charsadda (13.5%/25.5%) and district Peshawar (9.0%/17.5%). Based on host demographic and ecological parameters analysis, theileriosis was found to be higher in young, female, crossbred, freely grazing, tick-infested, and irregular/no acaricides treated cattle. The univariate logistic analysis showed that host age, tick infestation, acaricides use, and feeding method were significant risk factors (P<0.05) whereas multivariate analysis indicated that host age, gender, tick infestation, acaricidal application, and feeding method were potential risk factors (P<0.05) for tropical theileriosis in the cattle population. Phylogenetic and sequence analysis showed that T. annulata 18S rRNA isolates shared homology and phylogeny with other isolates from Asia and Europe. This study has addressed the epidemiology and phylogeny of T. annulata circulating in bovid in the study area where gaps were still present. These findings will serve as a baseline and will facilitate future large-scale epidemiological investigations on tropical theileriosis in the cattle population at a national level.

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“…Given that ticks and tick-borne diseases are a major constraint to the livestock industry and agriculture in Pakistan [28], there have been some epidemiological investigations of piroplasms of bovines using conventional microscopic methods [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37]. However, there has been no detailed genetic investigation of piroplasm populations in bovines or their ticks in this country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing and Informatics as an Effective Tool to Establish the Composition of Bovine Piroplasm Populations in Endemic Regions

et al. 2020

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Protists of the genera Babesia and Theileria (piroplasms) cause some of the most prevalent and debilitating diseases for bovines worldwide. In this study, we established and used a next-generation sequencing-informatic approach to explore the composition of Babesia and Theileria populations in cattle and water buffalo in a country (Pakistan) endemic for these pathogens. We collected individual blood samples from cattle (n = 212) and water buffalo (n = 154), extracted genomic DNAs, PCR-amplified the V4 hypervariable region of 18S small subunit rRNA gene from piroplasms, sequenced amplicons using Illumina technology, and then analysed data using bioinformatic platforms. The results revealed piroplasms in 68.9% (252/366) samples, with overall occurrence being markedly higher in cattle (85.8%) than in water buffaloes (45.5%). Babesia (B.) occultans and Theileria (T.) lestoquardi-like species were recorded for the first time in Pakistan, and, overall, T. annulata was most commonly detected (65.8%) followed by B. bovis (7.1%), B. bigemina (4.4%), and T. orientalis (0.5%), with the genetic variability within B. bovis being pronounced. The occurrence and composition of piroplasm species varied markedly across different agro-ecological zones. The high detection of T. annulata in asymptomatic animals suggested a relatively high level of endemic stability of tropical theileriosis in the bovine population.

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Molecular epidemiology and associated risk factors of Anaplasma marginale and Theileria annulata in cattle from North-western Pakistan

Cited by 42 publications

References 23 publications

Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

Systematic Review of Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens of Small Ruminants in Pakistan

Epidemiology and molecular characterization of Theileria annulata in cattle from central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing and Informatics as an Effective Tool to Establish the Composition of Bovine Piroplasm Populations in Endemic Regions

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