Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus in Namibia: Introduction pathways and local persistence

Franzo, Giovanni; Villiers, Lourens de; Villiers, Mari de; Ravandi, Aida; Gyani, Kevin; Zyl, Leandra Van; Coetzee, L.; Khaiseb, Siegfried; Molini, Umberto

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105780

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Epidemiological links mediated by both human and animal movement between Asia and Europe have been proven for several companion animal infections, including CPV-2 [ 28 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 ]. Similarly, the rising political, economic, and cultural interactions occurring between Asian (especially China) and African countries might have favored the introduction of this lineage, as previously suggested [ 48 , 55 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Over time, different studies have reported a plethora of other potential genetic variants, which have shown inconsistent epidemiological success. Most recently, an increase in the detection frequency of the so-called “Asian CPV-2c” lineage was observed [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 48 ]. However, no systematic study has been performed to evaluate its molecular epidemiology and evolution on a broader scale.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Not Asian Anymore: Reconstruction of the History, Evolution, and Dispersal of the “Asian” Lineage of CPV-2c

Franzo,

Mira,

Schirò

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Variability has been one of the hallmarks of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) since its discovery, and several lineages and antigenic variants have emerged. Among these, a group of viruses commonly called Asian CPV-2c has recently been reported with increasing frequency in different regions. Currently, its global epidemiology and evolution are essentially unknown. The present work deals with this information gap by evaluating, via sequence, phylodynamic, and phylogeographic analyses, all the complete coding sequences of strains classified as Asian CPV-2c based on a combination of amino acid markers and phylogenetic analysis. After its estimated origin around 2008, this lineage circulated undetected in Asia until approximately 2012, when an expansion in viral population size and geographical distribution occurred, involving Africa, Europe, and North America. Asia was predicted to be the main nucleus of viral dispersal, leading to multiple introduction events in other continents/countries, where infection establishment, persistence, and rapid evolution occurred. Although the dog is the main host, other non-canine species were also involved, demonstrating the host plasticity of this lineage. Finally, although most of the strains showed an amino acid motif considered characteristic of this lineage, several exceptions were observed, potentially due to convergent evolution or reversion phenomena.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Not Asian Anymore: Reconstruction of the History, Evolution, and Dispersal of the “Asian” Lineage of CPV-2c

Franzo,

Mira,

Schirò

et al. 2023

Viruses

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“…Therefore, an introduction of European strains can be proposed with a higher confidence, as already seen for several other animal pathogens including those of swine. Importation from other continents, Asia in particular, often described for other pathogens ( 35–38 ), was not observed but should nevertheless be considered and investigated with more extensive studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Namibia, Africa

Molini,

Coetzee,

Hemberger

et al. 2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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IntroductionThe swine sector in Africa plays an important role in local economies, contributing to poverty alleviation and community subsistence. In addition, intensive farming is progressively becoming more important in the region. Therefore, any disease affecting swine populations can have detrimental effects on local communities. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is among the most important infectious diseases affecting swine worldwide, but information on its epidemiology in Africa is extremely limited.Material and methodsIn the present study, 147 healthy butchered pigs, originating from 15 Namibian intensive and rural farms were tested by RT-PCR and the ORF7 genes of positive samples were sequenced for further genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, 55 warthogs were also evaluated using the same approach.ResultsOverall, 7 out of 147 pigs (4.76%) tested positive, all originating from 3 rural farms (with a within-herd detection frequency higher than 14%) characterized by strong epidemiological links. All industrial pig and warthog samples were negative. Sequence analysis revealed that all strains belonged to the Betaarterivirus suid1 species, previously known as PRRSV type I, and were likely imported from Europe at least 6 years ago, evolving independently thereafter. When and how the first introduction occurred could not be determined due to the absence of other African sequences for comparison.DiscussionThe present work provides the first detection and characterization of PRRSV molecular epidemiology in Namibia. Based on the present findings, the presence of the PPRSV appears marginal and limited to backyard farms. While biosecurity measures applied in industrial farms appear to be effective in preventing viral introduction, PRRSV circulation in rural settings still represents a potential threat, and considering the socio-economical implication of livestock diseases decreasing animal performances in rural areas, active monitoring should be encouraged to promptly act against emerging menaces and guarantee the welfare of local pig populations.

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“…Simultaneously, a new CPV-2c variant, also defined as “Asian” or “of Asian origin” started to rapidly spread within Asian countries [ 53 ]. In subsequent years, this Asian lineage has been detected also in non-Asian countries, such as Italy [ 14 ] and other European countries [ 50 , 54 ], Africa [ 24 , [55] , [56] , [57] ], and North America [ 58 ]. As observed in this study, since 2020, a rapid trend of transition from CPV-2a/CPV-2b to CPV-2c predominance was documented also in different Asian countries [ [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in Sicily, southern Italy: A geographical island, an epidemiological continuum

Mira,

Schirò,

Franzo

et al. 2024

Heliyon

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Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus in Namibia: Introduction pathways and local persistence

Cited by 9 publications

References 43 publications

Not Asian Anymore: Reconstruction of the History, Evolution, and Dispersal of the “Asian” Lineage of CPV-2c

Not Asian Anymore: Reconstruction of the History, Evolution, and Dispersal of the “Asian” Lineage of CPV-2c

First detection and molecular characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Namibia, Africa

Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus type 2 in Sicily, southern Italy: A geographical island, an epidemiological continuum

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