Molecular Epidemiology of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) Isolates of Hospitalized Children from Bolivia Reveal High Heterogeneity and Multidrug-Resistance

Joffré, Enrique; Iñiguez, Volga

doi:10.20944/preprints202011.0454.v1

Cited by 4 publications

References 58 publications

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Circulation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates expressing CS23 from the environment to clinical settings

Toledo¹,

Mentzer

Agramont³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the leading causes of infant diarrhea in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Diarrheal pathogens are transmitted through environmental reservoirs; however, the bacterial clones that spread across the human-environment interphases remind unexplored. We aimed to determine the relationship and clonal dissemination of ETEC between children with diarrhea (> 5 years of age) and polluted water samples from local river in La Paz, Bolivia. Our study used whole genome sequencing and phenotypic fingerprinting system (PhenePlates) to analyze ETEC strains. We showed that ST218 and ST410 LT+STh CS23 ETEC were found with high frequency in both samples. The CS23 ETEC isolates were found within several STs, E. coli phylogroups A, B1, C, and D, and across ETEC lineages. Our comparative genomic analysis and PhenePlate screening of globally distributed clinical ETEC strains suggested that virulent CS23 plasmids acquisition occurs independently of the bacterial chromosomal background. Environmental strains were more often multidrug-resistant (MDR) than clinical isolates and harbored the class 1 integron-integrase gene intI1 next to the MDR cassettes. Retrospective analysis of antibiotic resistance in ETEC revealed a high frequency of MDR in clinical isolates. The LT+STh CS23 ETEC isolates showed an increased biofilm ability at environmental temperature, equal cytotoxicity, and significantly lower adherence to human epithelial cells compared to ETEC expressing other CFs. Together, our findings suggest that CS23 is more prevalent in ETEC than previously estimated, and the Choqueyapu River is a reservoir for LT+STh CS23 ETEC containing strains capable of causing diarrheal cases in children.

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Circulation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates expressing CS23 from the environment to clinical settings

Toledo¹,

Mentzer

Agramont³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Detecting Class 1 Integrons and Their Variable Regions in Escherichia coli Whole-Genome Sequences Reported from Andean Community Countries

Solis,

Loaiza,

Torres-Elizalde

et al. 2024

Antibiotics

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Various genetic elements, including integrons, are known to contribute to the development of antimicrobial resistance. Class 1 integrons have been identified in E. coli isolates and are associated with multidrug resistance in countries of the Andean Community. However, detailed information on the gene cassettes located on the variable regions of integrons is lacking. Here, we investigated the presence and diversity of class 1 integrons, using an in silico approach, in 2533 whole-genome sequences obtained from EnteroBase. IntFinder v1.0 revealed that almost one-third of isolates contained these platforms. Integron-bearing isolates were associated with environmental, food, human, and animal origins reported from all countries under scrutiny. Moreover, they were identified in clones known for their pathogenicity or multidrug resistance. Integrons carried cassettes associated with aminoglycoside (aadA), trimethoprim (dfrA), cephalosporin (blaOXA; blaDHA), and fluoroquinolone (aac(6′)-Ib-cr; qnrB) resistance. These platforms showed higher diversity and larger numbers than previously reported. Moreover, integrons carrying more than three cassettes in their variable regions were determined. Monitoring the prevalence and diversity of genetic elements is necessary for recognizing emergent patterns of resistance in pathogenic bacteria, especially in countries where various factors are recognized to favor the selection of resistant microorganisms.

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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Synthesized Nanosilver with Entrapped Cinnamaldehyde against Multi-Drug-Resistant Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in Galleria mellonella

et al. 2022

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The global emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) needs no emphasis. In this study, the in vitro stability, safety, and antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver-entrapped cinnamaldehyde (AgC) against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) were investigated. Further, the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of AgC against MDR-EAEC was also assessed in Galleria mellonella larval model. In brief, UV-Vis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed effective entrapment of cinnamaldehyde with nanosilver, and the loading efficiency was estimated to be 29.50 ± 0.56%. The AgC was of crystalline form as determined by the X-ray diffractogram with a mono-dispersed spherical morphology of 9.243 ± 1.83 nm in electron microscopy. AgC exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.008–0.016 mg/mL and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.008–0.032 mg/mL against MDR- EAEC strains. Furthermore, AgC was stable (high-end temperatures, proteases, cationic salts, pH, and host sera) and tested safe for sheep erythrocytes as well as secondary cell lines (RAW 264.7 and HEp-2) with no negative effects on the commensal gut lactobacilli. in vitro, time-kill assays revealed that MBC levels of AgC could eliminate MDR-EAEC infection in 120 min. In G. mellonella larvae, AgC (MBC values) increased survival, decreased MDR-EAEC counts (p < 0.001), had an enhanced immunomodulatory effect, and was tested safe to the host. These findings infer that entrapment enhanced the efficacy of cinnamaldehyde and AgNPs, overcoming their limitations when used individually, indicating AgC as a promising alternative antimicrobial candidate. However, further investigation in appropriate animal models is required to declare its application against MDR pathogens.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) Isolates of Hospitalized Children from Bolivia Reveal High Heterogeneity and Multidrug-Resistance

Cited by 4 publications

References 58 publications

Circulation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates expressing CS23 from the environment to clinical settings

Circulation of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) isolates expressing CS23 from the environment to clinical settings

Detecting Class 1 Integrons and Their Variable Regions in Escherichia coli Whole-Genome Sequences Reported from Andean Community Countries

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Green Synthesized Nanosilver with Entrapped Cinnamaldehyde against Multi-Drug-Resistant Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in Galleria mellonella

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