Molecular epidemiology of group A rotavirus in Buenos Aires, Argentina 2004–2007: Reemergence of G2P[4] and emergence of G9P[8] strains

Esteban, Laura Emilia; Rota, Rosana P.; Gentsch, Jon R.; Jiang, Baoming; Esona, Mathew D.; Glass, Roger I.; Glikmann, Graciela; Castello, Alejandro

doi:10.1002/jmv.21745

Cited by 55 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…In the CDC survey (1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005), the most prevalent strain was G1P [8] (78.5 %) (Gentsch et al, 2009 . However, more recent studies suggest that G9P[8] is a more common G-P combination (CDC, 2008;de Rougemont et al, 2009;Esteban et al, 2010). In our patients, G9 serotype was associated with P[8], P[6] and, less frequently, P[4].…”

Section: Symptommentioning

confidence: 46%

Emergence of human rotavirus genotype G9 in metropolitan Detroit between 2007 and 2009

Abdel‐Haq

Amjad

McGrath

et al. 2011

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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, rotavirus (RV)-positive stool samples from 238 children with acute gastroenteritis, seen at Children's Hospital of Michigan in Detroit, USA, were collected and RV genotyping was performed. G and P genotypes were determined by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing was conducted on selected G9 and P[6] strains. Correlation between the severity of gastroenteritis episode and the infecting G genotype was done using a 14-point scoring system. The predominant G genotype was G9 (39.5 %), followed by G1 (35.3 %) and G4 (15.5 %), while P[8] was the most prevalent P genotype (66.5 %), followed by P[4] (21.9 %) and P[6] (11.2 %). The gene combinations G1P [8] and G9P[8] were the most prevalent (21.4 % and 20.6 %, respectively), followed by G4P[8] (13 %) and G9P [6] (8.8 %). Immunization data showed that only 17/238 (7.1 %) children received ¢one dose of RV vaccine (the pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq or the monovalent vaccine Rotarix) and that 10/17 were infected with G4P[8] strains. Severity of RV gastroenteritis episodes was not related to the infecting G genotype. Our results suggest a high proportion of genotype G9 strains in combination with P[8], P[6] and P[4] specificity circulating in the metropolitan Detroit area. While the protective efficacy of the RV vaccines has been demonstrated against G9P[8] strains, the level of cross-protection offered by the vaccines against G9 strains with P[6] and P[4] genotypes in the Detroit paediatric population remains to be determined. INTRODUCTIONRotavirus (RV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. It accounts for approximately 40 % of diarrhoea hospitalizations in children ,5 years of age (Parashar et al., 2006). An estimated 527 000 RV-infected children younger than 5 years die each year, the majority in developing countries (Parashar et al., 2003). Control of RV disease is most likely to be achieved through widespread use of an effective vaccine.The outer layer of group A RV is composed of two proteins, VP4 and the VP7, which are encoded by RNA segment 9 and 4, respectively (Estes & Kapikian, 2007). Rotaviruses are classified into G and P types based on the reactivity of the outer capsid proteins, VP7 and VP4, with serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies or on the amplification of PCR amplicons using genotype-specific primers. Genotype P[8] is the most common P type globally, followed by P[4] and P[6]. P[8] tends to be more frequently associated with serotypes G1, G3 and G4, while P[4] is more likely to be associated with serotype G2. Prior to 1990, the most common serotypes globally were G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P [8] and G4P[8]; since then, G9P [8] has been recognized as the fifth most globally common type (Gentsch et al., 1992(Gentsch et al., , 2009Koshimura et al., 2000). The G and P type specific antibodies, particularly those to the G antigen, are believed to play an important role in protection against RV gastroenteritis (Gentsch et al., 2005). This prompted the development of vaccines based on the most common circulating strains in target populations at the time: G1...

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Section: Symptommentioning

confidence: 46%

Emergence of human rotavirus genotype G9 in metropolitan Detroit between 2007 and 2009

Abdel‐Haq

Amjad

McGrath

et al. 2011

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Surveillance data from Brazil documented the presence of a single rotavirus genotype (G2P[4]) after the introduction of the Rotarix 1 vaccine [Gurgel et al, 2007]. However, a remarkable reemergence of G2P[4] rotavirus has been also reported in recent years from Honduras, Brazil, El Salvador, Guatemala and Argentina, prior to the implementation of Rotarix 1 vaccination [Linhares et al, 2002;Ferrera et al, 2007;Patel et al, 2008;Esteban et al, 2010]. The results suggest a natural fluctuation in the circulation of these strains unrelated to rotavirus vaccination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotyping of human rotaviruses circulating among children with diarrhea in Valencia, Venezuela

Vizzi

Piñeros

González

et al. 2011

Journal of Medical Virology

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Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis during childhood worldwide, especially in developing countries. Two rotavirus vaccines are available for childhood immunization programs. Evaluation of the vaccine performance will benefit from knowledge of the epidemiological features of rotavirus infection in regional settings. Limited information on the molecular characteristics of the rotavirus types circulating in Venezuela is available. Eighty seven (89.7%) of the 97 ELISA rotavirus positive stool samples collected from children with diarrhea aged <5 years during 2003 in Valencia (Carabobo State), were G-, P- and NSP4-genotyped by RT-PCR and/or automated sequencing. Four common combinations, G3P[8]/NSP4-E1, G2P[4]/NSP4-E2, G9P[8]/NSP4-E1, and G1P[8]/NSP4-E1 were responsible for 50.6%, 35.6%, 5.7%, and 1.1%, respectively of cases of rotavirus diarrhea, most of them (66%) in children ≤12 months. One uncommon G8P[14]/NSP4-E2 strain was also detected. Temporal fluctuation of genotype distribution occurred, but no differences by age, diarrhea severity score, sex, treatment type or patient medical attention were observed, except for the G3P[8]/NSP4-E1, associated with a more severe dehydration than any other type (P < 0.01). The results confirm the broad diversity among rotavirus strains circulating in Venezuela prior to vaccine implementation, showing the predominance of G3, significant proportion of G2 and moderate circulation of G9 strains. Epidemiological surveillance is needed to detect the emergence of new genotypes that could escape protection induced by vaccination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leite et al (2008) reviewed eight recent studies that reported that the predominance of P[4]G2 and P[NT]G2 is not homogeneous across the country. Furthermore, the high prevalence of G2 reported from countries in this region (Esteban et al 2010), where rotavirus vaccine has not been introduced, and the reported 77% efficacy of Rotarix ® against G2 in Northeast Brazil indicates that natural fluctuation of the viral genotypes may be responsible for the G2 type predominance, but a longer period of surveillance will be necessary to fully understand this phenomenon (Correia et al 2010).In conclusion, this study suggests that the proportion of acute diarrhoea cases caused by rotavirus were low and that the incidence of rotavirus diarrhoea decreased over the study period in both vaccinated and unvaccinated children. The all-cause diarrhoea episodes and the few rotavirus episodes observed were less severe in vaccinated young children.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

Acute diarrhoea in a community cohort of children who received an oral rotavirus vaccine in Northeast Brazil

Vieira

Gurgel

Kirby

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Rotavirus is an important cause of childhood diarrhoea. A monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix ® ) was introduced into the Immunization Program of Brazil in 2006. In this study, we describe the incidence and burden of disease of rotavirus diarrhoea in two cohorts of children (vaccinated and unvaccinated). We followed two groups of 250 children under one year old, who were enrolled in December 2006 from a low-income residential area inNortheast Brazil. The children were monitored every two weeks for two years. Stool samples from children with diarrhoea were examined for the presence of rotavirus. Rotaviruses were genotyped using real time-polymerase chain reaction. The mean numbers of all-cause diarrhoea episodes/child (adjusted for age) in the first year were 0. 87 and 0.84, in vaccinated and unvaccinated children, respectively. During the second year, the number of episodes/ child decreased to 0.52 and 0.42. Only 16 (4.9%) of 330 stool samples were rotavirus-positive (10 vaccinated and 6 unvaccinated children) and only P[4]G2 rotaviruses were identified. All-cause diarrhoea episodes were more severe in unvaccinated children in the first year of age (p < 0.05), while vaccinated children had more severe episodes 18 months after vaccination. Rotavirus diarrhoea incidence was very low in both groups. Key words: diarrhoea -rotavirus -vaccine -cohort -children -BrazilRotavirus diarrhoea in vaccinated children • Sarah Cristina Fontes Vieira et al. 331ties were visited at home in 2006 and their parents were invited to enrol their children in the study, independent of their vaccination status. The parents of the first 250 children who had received two oral doses of the Rotarix ® vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) at two and four months of age (vaccinated cohort) were invited to participate and a further 250 children who had not received the vaccine comprised the unvaccinated cohort. Vaccination status was verified using the child's vaccination card and the Health Centre's databases. The youngest unvaccinated children registered were selected, despite the fact that the two groups could not be matched by age, as unvaccinated children had to be ineligible for vaccination at the time of enrolment, and therefore at least four months of age. Unvaccinated children serving as the control group were not offered the vaccine due to EPI guidelines that exclude children greater than or e�ual to four months of age to avoid the risk of intussusception among older infants (WHO 2007).After obtaining informed parental consent, all children were visited at home for the following two years, independently of their age at the time of enrolment. Visits were conducted every two weeks by three trained interviewers who in�uired as to whether or not the child had experienced diarrhoea episodes during the previous twoweek period. If the parent indicated that the child had diarrhoea, the interviewer collected information regarding the date of the episode and clinical presentation. The severity of the diarrhoea episodes wa...

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Molecular epidemiology of group A rotavirus in Buenos Aires, Argentina 2004–2007: Reemergence of G2P[4] and emergence of G9P[8] strains

Cited by 55 publications

References 51 publications

Emergence of human rotavirus genotype G9 in metropolitan Detroit between 2007 and 2009

Emergence of human rotavirus genotype G9 in metropolitan Detroit between 2007 and 2009

Genotyping of human rotaviruses circulating among children with diarrhea in Valencia, Venezuela

Acute diarrhoea in a community cohort of children who received an oral rotavirus vaccine in Northeast Brazil

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