Molecular epidemiology of HIV‐1 in Santa Catarina State confirms increases of subtype C in Southern Brazil

Locateli, Dayse; Stoco, Patrícia Hermes; Queiroz, Artur T. L.; Alcântara, Luiz Carlos Júnior; Ferreira, Luiz G. E.; Zanetti, Carlos Roberto; Rodrigues, Rosangela; Grisard, Edmundo C.; Pinto, Aguinaldo Roberto

doi:10.1002/jmv.20955

Cited by 38 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…In terms of molecular diversity, our results corroborate previous studies that also reported a large dominance of subtype C (ϳ65%) in SC state (30)(31)(32)(33) and a more diverse epidemic in RS state, mainly because of the high prevalence of BC mosaic forms in the latter (ϳ25%) (34)(35)(36). In both states, a low prevalence of subtype F1 and BF1 recombinants (ϳ3%) was observed, while this frequency can reach up to 20% in northern regions of Brazil (37,38) and 40% in Argentina (39).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Comprehensive Characterization of HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology and Demographic History in the Brazilian Region Most Heavily Affected by AIDS

Gräf

Fritsch

Medeiros

et al. 2016

J Virol

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The high incidence of AIDS cases and the dominance of HIV-1 subtype C infections are two features that distinguish the HIV-1 epidemic in the two southernmost Brazilian states (Rio Grande do Sul [RS] and Santa Catarina [SC]) from the epidemic in other parts of the country. Nevertheless, previous studies on HIV molecular epidemiology were conducted mainly in capital cities, and a more comprehensive understanding of factors driving this unique epidemic in Brazil is necessary. Blood samples were collected from individuals in 13 municipalities in the Brazilian southern region. HIV-1 env and pol genes were submitted to phylogenetic analyses for assignment of subtype, and viral population phylodynamics were reconstructed by applying Skygrid and logistic coalescent models in a Bayesian analysis. A high prevalence of subtype C was observed in all sampled locations; however, an increased frequency of recombinant strains was found in RS, with evidence for new circulating forms (CRFs). In the SC state, subtype B and C epidemics were associated with distinct exposure groups. Although logistic models estimated similar growth rates for HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) and HIV-1B, a Skygrid plot reveals that the former epidemic has been expanding for a longer time. Our results highlight a consistent expansion of HIV-1C in south Brazil, and we also discuss how heterosexual and men who have sex with men (MSM) transmission chains might have impacted the current prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes in this region. IMPORTANCEThe AIDS epidemic in south Brazil is expanding rapidly, but the circumstances driving this condition are not well known. A high prevalence of HIV-1 subtype C was reported in the capital cities of this region, in contrast to the subtype B dominance in the rest of the country. This study sought to comparatively investigate the HIV-1 subtype B and C epidemics by sampling individuals from several cities in the two states with the highest AIDS incidences in Brazil. Our analyses showed distinct epidemic growth curves for the two epidemics, and we also found evidence suggesting that separate transmission chains may be impacting the viral phylodynamics and the emergence of new recombinant forms. High-level molecular diversity is one of the main features of HIV-1. Due to the very high replication rate and the lack of a proofreading activity of the viral reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme, HIV-1 group M, the pandemic strain, has evolved into a diverse number of variants (1). Among 9 HIV-1 group M subtypes, HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) is responsible for Ͼ50% of infections worldwide, occurring mostly in southern and east African countries and India. HIV-1B, in turn, is widely dispersed throughout the world, being the dominant strain in Europe and in the Americas, but with a worldwide prevalence of only 10% (1, 2). The high level of variability of HIV-1 is also a consequence of the genetic recombination process, which can occur in unique recombinant forms (URFs), when fewer than three individuals are infected, or in circulating forms (C...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Comprehensive Characterization of HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology and Demographic History in the Brazilian Region Most Heavily Affected by AIDS

Gräf

Fritsch

Medeiros

et al. 2016

J Virol

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“…Subtype C was detected in 25%; other studies analyzing samples from patients of the southern region have observed similarly high prevalences of subtype C 7,8,24,34 . For instance, a study conducted in Santa Catarina (n = 80) reported a high prevalence of subtype C (48.75%), which increased to 71.25% when the recombinant viruses containing subtype C-related sequences were included in the analysis 24 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…For instance, a study conducted in Santa Catarina (n = 80) reported a high prevalence of subtype C (48.75%), which increased to 71.25% when the recombinant viruses containing subtype C-related sequences were included in the analysis 24 . In a study with samples from a voluntary testing site in Curitiba, Paraná, FERREIRA et al 15 detected subtype B in 52.6% of cases, followed by subtype C in 29.8%, mosaic BC in 14%, CF in 1.8%, and F in 1.8%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity and primary resistance among HIV-1-positive patients from Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

Gaspareto¹,

Mello²,

Dias³

et al. 2012

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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The objective of this study is to identify subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and to analyze the presence of mutations associated to antiretroviral resistance in the protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) regions from 48 HIV-1 positive treatment naïve patients from an outpatient clinic in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. Sequencing was conducted using PR, partial RT and group-specific antigen gene (gag) nested PCR products from retrotranscribed RNA. Transmitted resistance was determined according to the Surveillance Drug Resistance Mutation List (SDRM) algorithm. Phylogenetic and SimPlot analysis of concatenated genetic segments classified sequences as subtype B 19/48 (39.6%), subtype C 12/48 (25%), subtype F 4/48 (8.3%), with 13/48 (27.1%) recombinant forms. Most recombinant forms were B mosaics (B/F 12.5%, B/C 10.4%), with one C/F (2.1%) and one complex B/C/F mosaic (2.1%). Low levels of transmitted resistance were found in this study, 2/48 (2.1% to NRTIs and 2.1% for PI). This preliminary data may subsidize the monitoring of the HIV evolution in the region.

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“…Finally, since the time of its origin, subtype C has expanded at a faster rate than any other viral subtype. For instance, in southern Brazil, the incidence of subtype C increased from 3% in 1990s (3) to 30% in 2002 (4) and eventually to 45-48% in recent years (5). Furthermore, since the time of their introduction in India, the subtype C strains of India appear to remain genetically stable without undergoing a major genetic recombination with other subtypes, unlike that seen in China or southern Brazil, even though several circulating recombinant forms have been reported from India (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple NF-κB Sites in HIV-1 Subtype C Long Terminal Repeat Confer Superior Magnitude of Transcription and Thereby the Enhanced Viral Predominance

Bachu

Swarupa

Asokan

et al. 2012

Journal of Biological Chemistry

137

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Background: Viral evolution of HIV-1 is dynamic and moving towards a higher order of replicative fitness. Results: HIV-1 subtype C acquires an extra (4th) NF-B site to achieve a higher degree of transcription and in turn enhances its replicative fitness and preponderance. Conclusion: Subtype C with an extra NF-B site adopts a novel strategy of strengthening its promoter to gain fitness. Significance: Learning how the new strains could impact viral prevalence, pathogenesis, and disease management strategies is critical.

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Molecular epidemiology of HIV‐1 in Santa Catarina State confirms increases of subtype C in Southern Brazil

Cited by 38 publications

References 39 publications

Comprehensive Characterization of HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology and Demographic History in the Brazilian Region Most Heavily Affected by AIDS

Comprehensive Characterization of HIV-1 Molecular Epidemiology and Demographic History in the Brazilian Region Most Heavily Affected by AIDS

Genetic diversity and primary resistance among HIV-1-positive patients from Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

Multiple NF-κB Sites in HIV-1 Subtype C Long Terminal Repeat Confer Superior Magnitude of Transcription and Thereby the Enhanced Viral Predominance

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