Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Rio Grande, RS, Brazil

Martínez, Ana Maria Barral de; Barbosa, Edel Figueiredo; Ferreira, P. C. P.; Cardoso, Fabiola Adriene; Silveira, Jussara María; Sassi, Gabriela Mendoza; Silva, Cláudio Moss da; Mendonça-Signorini, Vera; Antunes, Carlos Maurício de Figueiredo

doi:10.1590/s0037-86822002000500008

Cited by 26 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The predominance of B subtype (89.5%) was previously reported in Brazil (9,6,17,30). The two other discordant subtypes for the PR and RT genes may represent B/F recombinant viruses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

HIV-1 subtypes and mutations associated to antiretroviral drug resistance in human isolates from Central Brazil

Cerqueira¹,

Ramalho²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2004

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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The detection of polymorphisms associated to HIV-1 drug-resistance and genetic subtypes is important for the control and treatment of HIV-1 disease. Drug pressure selects resistant variants that carry mutations in the viral reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) genes. For a contribution to the public health authorities in planning the availability of therapeutic treatment, we therefore described the genetic variability, the prevalence of mutations associated to drug resistance and the antiretroviral resistance profile in HIV-1 isolates from infected individuals in Central Brazil. Nineteen HIV-1 RNA samples from a Public Health Laboratory of the Federal District were reversely transcribed and cDNAs were amplified by nested PCR. One fragment of 297 bp coding the entire protease gene, and another of 647 bp, corresponding to the partial RT gene (codons 19-234), were obtained. Automated sequencing and BLAST analysis revealed the presence of 17 B and 2 F1 HIV-1 subtypes. The amino acid sequences were analyzed for the presence of resistance-associated mutations. A total of 6 PR mutations, 2 major and 4 accessory, and 8 RT mutations related to drug resistance were found. Our data suggest a high prevalence of HIV-1 B subtype in the studied population of Federal District as well as the presence of genetically-resistant strains in individuals failing treatment.

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“…The predominance of B subtype (89.5%) was previously reported in Brazil (9,6,17,30). The two other discordant subtypes for the PR and RT genes may represent B/F recombinant viruses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 50%

HIV-1 subtypes and mutations associated to antiretroviral drug resistance in human isolates from Central Brazil

Cerqueira¹,

Ramalho²,

Oliveira³

et al. 2004

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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“…The same is true in other regions of the country (Gadelha et al 2003, Cerqueira et al 2004, Stefani et al 2007) and elsewhere in South America (Hemellar et al 2004, Montano et al 2005, with the exception of Argentina, where BF recombinants predominate. The local molecular epidemiology scenario is more comparable to other cities in south Brazil, where clade C predominates (Martinez et al 2002, Soares et al 2005, Rodrigues et al 2006. Here, HIV-1 C is present in 30% of cases, and together with BC mosaics, it represents a significant proportion of HIV infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Molecular characterisation of newly identified HIV-1 infections in Curitiba, Brazil: preponderance of clade C among males with recent infections

Ferreira

Thomaz

Rodrigues

et al. 2008

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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The Research Capacity ProgramAs in many areas of Brazil, the AIDS epidemic in Curitiba is relatively stable, but surveillance is important to support public policy. The molecular characteristics of HIV may be instrumental for monitoring epidemic trends. We evaluated plasma HIV-1 RNA (n = 37) from 38 cases presenting with positive serology, who were among 820 consenting volunteers visiting the downtown counselling and serology testing centre. Seroprevalence was 4.6% 3) and the estimated HIV incidence, as defined by the BED assay, was 2.86 persons/years ). An additional set of contemporaneous, anonymous samples from a local laboratory was also analysed (n = 20) . Regions of the HIV-1 polymerase (n = 57) and envelope (n = 34) were evaluated for subtyping, determination of mosaic structure, primary drug resistance mutations (pDRM), envelope V3 loop motifs and amino acid signatures related to viral tropism. HIV-1 clade B was observed in 53% of cases; HIV-1C in 30% and BC mosaics in 14%, with one F genome and one CF mosaic. Clade C infection was associated with recent infections among males (p < 0.03). Stanford surveillance pDRM was observed in 8.8% of sequences, with 7% showing high level resistance to at least one antiretroviral drug. Tropism for CXCR4 co-receptor was predicted in 18% of envelope sequences, which were exclusively among clade B genomes and cases with serological reactivity to chronic infection.Key words: epidemiology -antiretroviral resistance -genetic diversity -HIV-1 -tropism -BrazilUnderstanding the local HIV-1 epidemic will not only support the regional response, but it may also provide information to nationwide efforts in the fight against AIDS. The variability of HIV-1 has been an obstacle to treatment and to the development of prevention innovations such as vaccines. HIV-1 clusters phylogenetically into distinct clades (subtypes), a fact that has helped to unravel the molecular characteristics of the epidemic. In some regions, differential distribution of HIV-1 clades has been documented (Van Harmelen et al. 1997, Tovanabutra 2001, Rios et al. 2005, Ryan et al. 2007) and phylogeny may indicate the source(s) of incoming variants (Sarker 2008). Worldwide, clade C is responsible for about half of the epidemic, whereas clade B is the major variant in industrialised nations (Hemelaar et al. 2006). HIV variability may influence the performance of laboratory tools for diagnostic, monitoring and surveillance (Koch et al. 2001 (Baeten et al. 2007, Kaleebu 2007 and transmission potential (Yang et al. 2003, John-Stewart et al. 2005 have been associated to distinct HIV clades, but the actual impact of genetic diversity in HIV disease still remains uncertain (Stebbing & Moyle 2003, Hemelaar et al. 2006, Tebit et al. 2007). However, some characteristics of HIV, such as tropism to either CCR5 or CXCR4 coreceptors, seem to be associated with a distinct pattern of disease progression (Shepherd et al. 2008). Another relevant issue is the identification of primary drug resistance mutations (pDRM) among untreate...

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“…Subtype C is the most prevalent HIV-1 subtype worldwide and is spreading faster than the other cocirculating forms (19,30,38,42). Unlike the other HIV-1 subtypes, subtype C has been shown to infrequently switch its phenotype from NSI to SI (1,8,12,35,39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic and Genotypic Comparisons of CCR5- and CXCR4-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Biological Clones Isolated from Subtype C-Infected Individuals

Pollakis

Abebe

Kliphuis

et al. 2004

J Virol

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Individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C infrequently harbour X4 viruses. We studied R5 and X4 biological clones generated from HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals. All subtype C R5 viruses demonstrated slower profiles of replication on CD4؉ lymphocytes in comparison to subtype B viruses, whereas subtype C X4 viruses replicated with comparable efficiency to subtype B X4 viruses. No differences were identified in CC or CXC chemokine inhibitions (RANTES and SDF-1␣, respectively) between subtype C and subtype B viruses. Immature dendritic cells were shown in coculture experiments to similarly enhance the infection of subtype C and subtype B R5 as well as X4 viruses. By amino acid sequence analysis, we showed that the R5 and X4 subtype C gp120 envelope gene alterations were similar to those for a switching subtype B virus, specifically with respect to the V3 charge and envelope N-linked glycosylation patterns. By phylogenetic analysis, we showed that one patient was infected with HIV-1 C and the other was infected with HIV-1 C؆ and that one of the patients harbored a virus that was a recombinant in the gp120 env gene between an R5 and an X4 virus, with the resultant virus being R5. No differences were identified between the long terminal repeat regions of the subtype C R5 and X4 biological clones. These results indicate that even though R5 subtype C viruses are restrictive for virus replication, the R5-to-X4 phenotype switch can occur and does so in a manner similar to that of subtype B viruses.

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Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Rio Grande, RS, Brazil

Cited by 26 publications

References 11 publications

HIV-1 subtypes and mutations associated to antiretroviral drug resistance in human isolates from Central Brazil

HIV-1 subtypes and mutations associated to antiretroviral drug resistance in human isolates from Central Brazil

Molecular characterisation of newly identified HIV-1 infections in Curitiba, Brazil: preponderance of clade C among males with recent infections

Phenotypic and Genotypic Comparisons of CCR5- and CXCR4-Tropic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Biological Clones Isolated from Subtype C-Infected Individuals

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