Molecular Epidemiology of
            <i>Mycobacterium avium</i>
            subsp.
            <i>paratuberculosis</i>
            Isolates Recovered from Wild Animal Species

Motiwala, Alifiya S.; Amonsin, Alongkorn; Strother, Megan; Manning, Elizabeth; Kapur, Vivek; Sreevatsan, Srinand

doi:10.1128/jcm.42.4.1703-1712.2004

Cited by 97 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…This acid-fast organism was mycobactin dependent and 16S/IS1311/IS900 positive. Its fingerprint pattern categorized it as A18, a strain that predominates among MAP infections in domestic cattle in the United States (Motiwala et al, 2004). Isolates of MAA were obtained from tissue samples from five of 37 elk (14%) and from a fecal sample of an additional (3%) elk.…”

Section: Microbiologic Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Avium Infections in a Tule Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nannodes) Herd

Crawford

Ziccardi

Gonzales

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Between 2 August and 22 September 2000, 37 hunter-killed tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) were evaluated at the Grizzly Island Wildlife Area, California, USA, for evidence of paratuberculosis. Elk were examined post-mortem, and tissue and fecal samples were submitted for radiometric mycobacterial culture. Acid-fast isolates were identified by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that discriminates among members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). Histopathologic evaluations were completed, and animals were tested for antibodies using a Johne's enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and agar gel immunodiffusion. In addition, 104 fecal samples from tule elk remaining in the herd were collected from the ground and submitted for radiometric mycobacterial culture. No gross lesions were detected in any of the hunter-killed animals. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) was cultured once from ileocecal tissue of one adult elk and was determined to be a strain (A18) found commonly in infected cattle. One or more isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA) were isolated from tissues of five additional adult elk. Gastrointestinal tract and lymph node tissues from 17 of the 37 elk (46%) examined had histopathologic lesions commonly seen with mycobacterial infection; however, acid-fast bacteria were not observed. All MAC infections were detected from adult elk (P 5 0.023). In adult elk, a statistically significant association was found between MAA infection and ELISA sample-to-positive ratio (S/P)$0.25 (P50.021); four of five MAA culturepositive elk tested positive by ELISA. Sensitivity and specificity of ELISA S/P$0.25 for detection of MAA in adult elk were 50% and 93%, respectively. No significant associations were found between MAC infection and sex or histopathologic lesions. Bacteriologic culture confirmed infection with MAP and MAA in this asymptomatic tule elk herd. The Johne's ELISA was useful in signaling mycobacterial infection on a population basis but could not discriminate between MAA and MAP antibodies. The multiplex PCR was useful in discriminating among the closely related species belonging to MAC.

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Section: Microbiologic Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Avium Infections in a Tule Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nannodes) Herd

Crawford

Ziccardi

Gonzales

et al. 2006

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Others have also reported that Map can affect a wide variety of zoo and wildlife species, 11,12,15 and some consider breed and species to play only minor roles in Johne's risk. 14 The variance in cumulative lifetime incidence between species could be due to differences in levels and timing of exposure, intrinsic variability in susceptibility to infection or disease, behavior, or other factors that covary with species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…AAZV, Media, PA). 6,15 Since 1991, Map has been either directly or indirectly responsible for deaths of numerous hoofed mammals housed at the Zoological Society of San Diego (ZSSD; San Diego and Escondido, CA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis Infection among Offspring and their Dams in Nondomestic Ruminant Species Housed in a Zoo

2009

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Abstract. The objective of the present study was to determine whether offspring of dams infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) have an increased risk for Map infection. Antemortem and postmortem disease surveillance data were used to identify positive and test-negative ruminants born at the Zoological Society of San Diego (ZSSD) between 1991 and 2007 and to estimate cumulative lifetime incidence. A matched case-control study, nested within the population, was conducted and conditional logistic regression analyses were used to quantify the association between infection status of offspring and their dams. Cases (infected ruminants, n 5 47) were matched to controls (test-negative ruminants, n 5 152) by species, birth date, birth enclosure, and follow-up time to control for confounding factors. The overall cumulative lifetime incidence of infection was estimated at 2.2%, but it decreased over time and varied by species. There was a significant association between infection status of offspring and their dams (odds ratio [OR] 5 6.8, P , 0.01), which is consistent with studies in domestic livestock species. The association was stronger for animals whose dam was diagnosed within 2 years of their birth (OR 5 9.0, P , 0.01) than for animals whose dam was diagnosed more than 2 years after their birth (OR 5 6.0, P , 0.01) compared to animals with test-negative dams. For positive animals born to a positive dam, 85.3% of the Map infections were attributable to having a positive dam. For the entire population of ZSSD ruminants, 36.8% of the cases were attributable to having a positive dam. Findings will help guide future management of Map infection in zoo ruminant populations.

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“…2). Based on our recent success using MLSSR for Map strain differentiation and in understanding the molecular epidemiology of the organism, it is likely that these repeat elements in the Map genome will provide additional strain differentiation capabilities and may enable rapid and facile discrimination of epidemiologically and geographically distinct strains of isolates of Map by using nonsequencing based approaches as well (69).…”

Section: Immunological and Virulence-related Insights From The Map Gementioning

confidence: 99%

The complete genome sequence ofMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis

Bannantine

Zhang

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We describe here the complete genome sequence of a common clone of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) strain K-10, the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and other ruminants. The K-10 genome is a single circular chromosome of 4,829,781 base pairs and encodes 4,350 predicted ORFs, 45 tRNAs, and one rRNA operon. In silico analysis identified >3,000 genes with homologs to the human pathogen, M. tuberculosis (Mtb), and 161 unique genomic regions that encode 39 previously unknown Map genes. Analysis of nucleotide substitution rates with Mtb homologs suggest overall strong selection for a vast majority of these shared mycobacterial genes, with only 68 ORFs with a synonymous to nonsynonymous substitution ratio of >2. Comparative sequence analysis reveals several noteworthy features of the K-10 genome including: a relative paucity of the PE͞PPE family of sequences that are implicated as virulence factors and known to be immunostimulatory during Mtb infection; truncation in the EntE domain of a salicyl-AMP ligase (MbtA), the first gene in the mycobactin biosynthesis gene cluster, providing a possible explanation for mycobactin dependence of Map; and Map-specific sequences that are likely to serve as potential targets for sensitive and specific molecular and immunologic diagnostic tests. Taken together, the availability of the complete genome sequence offers a foundation for the study of the genetic basis for virulence and physiology in Map and enables the development of new generations of diagnostic tests for bovine Johne's disease.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Isolates Recovered from Wild Animal Species

Cited by 97 publications

References 59 publications

Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Avium Infections in a Tule Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nannodes) Herd

Mycobacterium Avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Avium Infections in a Tule Elk (Cervus Elaphus Nannodes) Herd

Association between Mycobacterium Avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis Infection among Offspring and their Dams in Nondomestic Ruminant Species Housed in a Zoo

The complete genome sequence ofMycobacterium aviumsubspeciesparatuberculosis

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