Molecular epidemiology of isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex from Spain

Molecular Typing of Clinical and Environmental <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> Strains Isolated in Italy

“…The only two isolates VNII genotype recovered in this study confirms the rare distribution in Italy [28] and worldwide [10] [12] [15].…”

“…This is possible due to the limit of serotyping method performed in the '90, compared with PCR fingerprinting, combined with the high presence of hybrids in Europe [16] [29] which can differently express serotype. In our investigation, most of the VNIII isolates were previously considered to be of serotype A (95%), probably because some hybrid forms of C. neoformans only show one serotype as reported in other studies [15] [24] [29].…”

“…neoformans (serotype D/VNIV genotype) is found predominantly in Western Europe [9] [13] and South America [12] [14]. In addition, in the Mediterranean area of Europe, a higher prevalence of C. neoformans serotype AD hybrids (VNIII genotype) has been reported [15] [16].…”

Global Molecular Epidemiology ofCryptococcus neoformansandCryptococcus gattii: An Atlas of the Molecular Types

“…Nine percent of the isolates were detected from environmental and veterinary sources (Figure 7). C. neoformans not only isolated from pigeon and other birds excreta, but also from bat guano and red fox faeces [65, 191, 192]. Veterinary isolates include strains recovered from cat, dog, magpie, and some isolates from striped grass mouse and degu living in a zoo [193–196].…”

“…Few C. neoformans strains were isolated from trees, namely, from Eucalyptus camaldulensis and oak tree [74, 197]. Most of the C. gattii natural isolates were from Eucalyptus camaldulensis , Douglas tree, carob tree, and stone pine [66, 74], whereas C. gattii animal infections were reported in a ferret and in some goats [65, 67]. …”